Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

3rd Year > Physiology Mod 2 > Flashcards

Physiology Mod 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the alimentary canal organs?

A

Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the accessory Digestive organs?

A

Teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference between peristalsis and Segmentation?

A

Adjacent segments of the alimentary canal (alternating contract and Relax) Peristalsis

Non- Adjacent segments of the alimentary canal (alternating contract and Relax) Segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Brush Boarder Enzymes Whattt??

A

Located in the intestinal lining (Sm. Intestines) ON THE WALLS! Don’t secrete –> Final digestion stage into the simplest foms so they can be absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 components of the Mucosa, and what is its function?

A

Epithelium, Lamina Propria, muscularis mucosa

INNERMOST- secrete mucous, protect from disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Within the Lamina Propria there is what type of Lymph tissues?

A

MALT (Mucosa associated Lymphatic Tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the purpose of the Submucosa?

A

Blood, Lymph, Nerve supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the purpose of the Muscularis Externa?

A

Segmentation and Peristalsis (Inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the layers of the alimentaty canal from inside out?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What plexus lies between the circular and longitudinal muscles of the muscularis externa?

A

Myernteric nerve plexus/ Submucosal Plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the short enteric nervous system reflexes?

A

Within the Enteric nervous system; control patterns of segmentation an peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the Long enteric nervous system reflexes?

A

Send impulses to CNS (Hypothalamus?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do the patietal cells secrete?

A

HCL and Intrinsic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do the Cheif cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen (When combined with HCl they make pepsin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of Pepsin?

A

Digest proteins into AA’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of reflex is initiated by changes in pH, distension, osmolarity, products of digestion?

A

Short GI reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Long reflexes (Cephalic phases) do what?

A

Feed forward & emotional reflexes, Outside, and sent to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

During Deglutition (swallowing) Which phase is voluntary and which is involuntary?

A
  • Voluntary Buccal phase
  • Involuntary Pharyngeal-Esophageal Phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Parietal cells produce

A

HCl and Intrinsic factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cheif cells make?

A

Pepsinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are 2 stimuli during Gastric phase?

A
  1. stretch receptors in stomach
  2. Chemoreceptors- G cells in antrum stimulated by vagus and by protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are Plicae circulares?

A

Permanent folds in mucosa and submucosa that slow movement of chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Secretin: released by ? and Causes?

A

Released by enteroendocrine cells

When acidic chyme enters SI;

Causes: release of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK): released when ?

A

Fatty, protein-rich chyme enters SI;

causes: release of enzyme-rich pancreatic juices and bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Brush border enzymes??
process long peptides, nucleic acids, and sugars into smaller ones – bound to epithelial cell membranes – hydrolyze disaccharides, polypeptides
26
What is the gastrocolic reflex?
Extrinsic physiological reflexes - control the motility or peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract Increase in the motility of the colon, creates the urge to defecate
27
What is the enterogastric reflex
Stimulated by the presence of acid levels in the duodenum or in the stomach It releases acids and controls the release of stomach proteins such as gastrin.
28
What is the gastroileal reflex?
Stimulates the urge to defecate. This reflex is stimulated by the opening of the ileocecal valve and moves the digested contents from the ileum of the small intestine into the colon for compaction.
29
What valve controlls/ Closes the Anus?
Kohlrausch’s valve (transverse rectal fold
30
The Internal sphincter Sympathetic from?
L1/2
31
The external sphincter muscle innervated by the?
Pudendal Nerve (S2-4)
32
Celiac Disease Symptoms
Bloating (feeling fullness or swelling in your belly) Chronic (long-term) diarrhea or greasy, bulky, unusually bad-smelling stool (poop) Constipation Gas Lactose intolerance because of damage to the small intestine Nausea and vomiting Pain in the abdomen (belly) Weight loss in adults, or not enough weight gain in children
33
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
34
Crohn's disease is?
Chronic (long-lasting) disease that causes inflammation in your digestive tract
35
Celiac disease is different from
Gluten sensitivity Gluten sensitivity does not damage the small intestine like celiac disease does.
36
What other problems can celiac disease cause? Over time, celiac disease can cause other health problems, especially if it is not treated. These problems can include:
Malnutrition Anemia, especially iron-deficiency anemia Bone loss Nervous system problems such as headaches, balance problems, or peripheral neuropathy Reproductive problems, such as missed menstrual periods and miscarriages in women and infertility in men and women
37
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term that describes disorders involving long-standing (chronic) inflammation of tissues in your digestive tract. Types of IBD include:
Ulcerative Colitis Chron's disease
38
Ulcerative colitis. This condition involves?
Inflammation and sores (ulcers) along the lining of your large intestine (colon) and rectum
39
Crohn's disease. This type of IBD is characterized by ?
Inflammation of the lining of your digestive tract, which often can involve the deeper layers of the digestive tract. Crohn's disease most commonly affects the small intestine.
40
What are the symptoms of Crohn's disease?
Diarrhea Cramping and pain in your abdomen Weight loss Some other possible symptoms are: Anemia, a condition in which you have fewer red blood cells than normal Eye redness or pain Fatigue Fever Joint pain or soreness Nausea or loss of appetite Skin changes that involve red, tender bumps under the skin
41
42
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a problem that affects the?
Large intestine. It can cause abdominal cramping, bloating, and a change in bowel habits.
43
What is the difference between IBD and IBS?
IBD involves chronic inflammation and can cause significant damage to the digestive tract, IBS is a functional disorder without inflammation, characterized mainly by changes in bowel habits and abdominal discomfort
44
What are the simpoms of Pharyngoesophageal (Zenker’s) diverticulum (Classification of?)
Esophageal Diverticula Classification Posterior pharyngeal outpouching most often on the left side, above cricopharyngeal muscle and below the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle symptoms: dysphagia, regurgitation of undigested food, halitosis
45
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor.. Located? what are the components and where is it attached to?
Thyropharyngeal fibres originate from the thyroid cartilage Cricopharyngeal fibres originate from the cricoid cartilage All fibres insert posteriorly onto the pharyngeal raphe.
46
Middle pharyngeal constrictor – located in the ? Originates? Inserts?
located in the laryngopharynx. Originates from the stylohyoid ligament and the horns of the hyoid bone. Inserts posteriorly into the pharyngeal raphe.
47
Superior pharyngeal constrictor – the uppermost pharyngeal constrictor. It is located in the oropharynx. Also O and I?
Oropharynx. Originates from the pterygomandibular ligament pharyngeal raphe.
48
Proximal to LES (pulsatile type), and Mid-esophageal diverticulum are usually what type of disorders and require treatment ?
Motor Disorders, No treatment
49
What is Barrett’s Esophagus?
A condition where the lining of the esophagus changes to resemble the lining of the intestine, often due to chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
50
What are symptoms of Barrett’s Esophagus?
Chronic Heartburn Regurgitation Difficulty swallowing Pain in chest Swallowing pain Hoarsness
51
Maldigestion vs Malabsorption
Maldigestion- inability to break down large molecules in the lumen of the intestine into their component small molecules Malabsorption- inability to transport molecules across the intestinal mucosa into circulation
52
The function of bile salts in the duodenum is to ?
Solubilize ingested fat and fat-soluble vitamins, facilitating their digestion and absorption.
53
Bile Salts are produced in the?? FROM?
Liver, directly from cholesterol
54
What is the diagnosis critera for IBS?
> 12 weeks in past year of abnormal discomfort and Releaved with poopin Change in frequency and consistency of stool
55
UPPER GI BLEED is associated with what conditions?
* Gastritis * Esophageal varices * Mallory-Weiss tears * Erosive esophagitis * Erosive gastritis
56
LOWER GI BLEED is associated with what conditions?
* Diverticulosis * Ischemia * Angiodysplasia (elderly) * Infectious * Anorectal (hemorrhoids, * fissure, ulcer)
57
What are the differences between the types of Diarrhea?
Inflammatory - Disruption of intestinal Mucosa, Colon, Bloody, small volume, cramps Non-Inflammatory- Intestinal mucosa intact, SM intestines, Large volume
58
What is the difference between Small bowl Obstructions and Large Bowl Obstructions?
SBO affects the small intestine and is often caused by adhesions, hernias, or inflammation. Symptoms include vomiting, abdominal pain, and inability to pass gas. LBO affects the large intestine and is commonly caused by colorectal cancer, volvulus, or fecal impaction. Symptoms include constipation, abdominal distension, and less frequent vomiting.
59
What is Cholelithiasis ?
Gall Stones (undissolved cholesterol) in gall bladder
60
What is Choledocholithiasis
the presence of stones within the common bile duct
61
Cholangiocarcinoma is found?
Bile ducts - Cancer
62
What is Cholangitis
a redness and swelling (inflammation) of the bile duct system
63
What are the accessory organs of the digestive process?
Salivary Glands Pancreas Liver G Blad
64
What are the organs of the digestive process?
Oral Cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Sm Intest Large Intest Anus
65
What are the long reflexes of the GI ?
May originate in or outside of the GI tract Involve a sensory neuron that sends external or internal digestive information to the brain. This type of reflex includes reactions to food, emotion, or danger.
66
What are the Short reflexes of the GI ?
Occur within the walls of the GI tract. They do not involve the central nervous system (CNS), meaning that the reflex arc is confined to the enteric nervous system (ENS).
67
What is the main difference between Short and Long GI reflexes?
Short reflexes operate locally within the GI tract via the ENS, while long reflexes involve the CNS and integrate broader physiological responses.
68
What type of reflexes would be initiated by - Changes in pH, distension, osmolarity, products of digestion - Submucosal plexu, contains the sensory neurons -Afferent information to ganglia - Efferent information to submucosal and myenteric plexuses for control of secretion, motility and growth
Short Reflexes
69
Deglutition = swallowing, Voluntary Buccal phase is what type of phase of swallowing?
Pharyngeal
70
What are the 3 phases of Swallowing?
Mouth (ingestion) Pharyngeal (Swallowing) Esophageal (Peristalsis)
71
What prevents backflow into esophagus of food and stuff?
Cardiac sphincter
72
The _______ also known as the cardiac sphincter, is an _____ sphincter located at the bottom of the ______ where it connects with the stomach.
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES), also known as the cardiac sphincter, is an involuntary the esophagus, where it connects with the stomach.
73
The Stomach Mucos neck cells secrete?
Mucous and Bicarbonate
74
What do Cheif cells produce?
Pepsin and Gastric lipase
75
The Stomach parietal cells secrete?
HCL and Intrinsic factor
76
What activates Pepsin.. and What secretes this.. what does Pepsin do?
Pepsin secreted by Cheif cells. Digests proteins, Activated by HCl produced from Parietal cells
77
What do Stomach G and D Cells secrete?
G- Gastrin (Gasrtic acid stim) D- Somatostatin ( Inhibits gastric acid secretion)
78
Parietal cells produce? and this makes? to help absorb? where?
HCl, and Intrinsic factor intrinsic factor absorbtion of B12 in Sm. Intestines
79

3rd Year (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions