Physiology Mod 2 Flashcards
What are the alimentary canal organs?
Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
What are the accessory Digestive organs?
Teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
What is the difference between peristalsis and Segmentation?
Adjacent segments of the alimentary canal (alternating contract and Relax) Peristalsis
Non- Adjacent segments of the alimentary canal (alternating contract and Relax) Segmentation
Brush Boarder Enzymes Whattt??
Located in the intestinal lining (Sm. Intestines) ON THE WALLS! Don’t secrete –> Final digestion stage into the simplest foms so they can be absorbed
What are the 3 components of the Mucosa, and what is its function?
Epithelium, Lamina Propria, muscularis mucosa
INNERMOST- secrete mucous, protect from disease
Within the Lamina Propria there is what type of Lymph tissues?
MALT (Mucosa associated Lymphatic Tissue)
What is the purpose of the Submucosa?
Blood, Lymph, Nerve supply
What is the purpose of the Muscularis Externa?
Segmentation and Peristalsis (Inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles)
What are the layers of the alimentaty canal from inside out?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.
What plexus lies between the circular and longitudinal muscles of the muscularis externa?
Myernteric nerve plexus/ Submucosal Plexus
What are the short enteric nervous system reflexes?
Within the Enteric nervous system; control patterns of segmentation an peristalsis
What are the Long enteric nervous system reflexes?
Send impulses to CNS (Hypothalamus?)
What do the patietal cells secrete?
HCL and Intrinsic factor
What do the Cheif cells secrete?
Pepsinogen (When combined with HCl they make pepsin)
What is the function of Pepsin?
Digest proteins into AA’s
What type of reflex is initiated by changes in pH, distension, osmolarity, products of digestion?
Short GI reflex
Long reflexes (Cephalic phases) do what?
Feed forward & emotional reflexes, Outside, and sent to CNS
During Deglutition (swallowing) Which phase is voluntary and which is involuntary?
- Voluntary Buccal phase
- Involuntary Pharyngeal-Esophageal Phase
Parietal cells produce
HCl and Intrinsic factor
Cheif cells make?
Pepsinogen
What are 2 stimuli during Gastric phase?
- stretch receptors in stomach
- Chemoreceptors- G cells in antrum stimulated by vagus and by protein
What are Plicae circulares?
Permanent folds in mucosa and submucosa that slow movement of chyme
Secretin: released by ? and Causes?
Released by enteroendocrine cells
When acidic chyme enters SI;
Causes: release of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juices
Cholecystokinin (CCK): released when ?
Fatty, protein-rich chyme enters SI;
causes: release of enzyme-rich pancreatic juices and bile
Brush border enzymes??
process long peptides, nucleic acids, and sugars into smaller ones
– bound to epithelial cell membranes
– hydrolyze disaccharides, polypeptides
What is the gastrocolic reflex?
Extrinsic physiological reflexes - control the motility or peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract
Increase in the motility of the colon, creates the urge to defecate
What is the enterogastric reflex
Stimulated by the presence of acid levels in the duodenum or in the stomach
It releases acids and controls the release of stomach proteins such as gastrin.
What is the gastroileal reflex?
Stimulates the urge to defecate.
This reflex is stimulated by the opening of the ileocecal valve and moves the digested contents from the ileum of the small intestine into the colon for compaction.
What valve controlls/ Closes the Anus?
Kohlrausch’s valve (transverse rectal fold
The Internal sphincter Sympathetic from?
L1/2
The external sphincter muscle innervated by the?
Pudendal Nerve (S2-4)
Celiac Disease Symptoms
Bloating (feeling fullness or swelling in your belly)
Chronic (long-term) diarrhea or greasy, bulky, unusually bad-smelling stool (poop)
Constipation
Gas
Lactose intolerance because of damage to the small intestine
Nausea and vomiting
Pain in the abdomen (belly)
Weight loss in adults, or not enough weight gain in children
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Crohn’s disease is?
Chronic (long-lasting) disease that causes inflammation in your digestive tract
Celiac disease is different from
Gluten sensitivity
Gluten sensitivity does not damage the small intestine like celiac disease does.
What other problems can celiac disease cause?
Over time, celiac disease can cause other health problems, especially if it is not treated. These problems can include:
Malnutrition
Anemia, especially iron-deficiency anemia
Bone loss
Nervous system problems such as headaches, balance problems, or peripheral neuropathy
Reproductive problems, such as missed menstrual periods and miscarriages in women and infertility in men and women
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term that describes disorders involving long-standing (chronic) inflammation of tissues in your digestive tract. Types of IBD include:
Ulcerative Colitis
Chron’s disease
Ulcerative colitis. This condition involves?
Inflammation and sores (ulcers) along the lining of your large intestine (colon) and rectum
Crohn’s disease. This type of IBD is characterized by ?
Inflammation of the lining of your digestive tract, which often can involve the deeper layers of the digestive tract. Crohn’s disease most commonly affects the small intestine.
What are the symptoms of Crohn’s disease?
Diarrhea
Cramping and pain in your abdomen
Weight loss
Some other possible symptoms are:
Anemia, a condition in which you have fewer red blood cells than normal
Eye redness or pain
Fatigue
Fever
Joint pain or soreness
Nausea or loss of appetite
Skin changes that involve red, tender bumps under the skin
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a problem that affects the?
Large intestine. It can cause abdominal cramping, bloating, and a change in bowel habits.
What is the difference between IBD and IBS?
IBD involves chronic inflammation and can cause significant damage to the digestive tract,
IBS is a functional disorder without inflammation, characterized mainly by changes in bowel habits and abdominal discomfort
What are the simpoms of Pharyngoesophageal (Zenker’s) diverticulum (Classification of?)
Esophageal Diverticula Classification
Posterior pharyngeal outpouching most
often on the left side, above
cricopharyngeal muscle and below the
inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
symptoms: dysphagia, regurgitation of
undigested food, halitosis
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor.. Located? what are the components and where is it attached to?
Thyropharyngeal fibres originate from the thyroid cartilage
Cricopharyngeal fibres originate from the cricoid cartilage
All fibres insert posteriorly onto the pharyngeal raphe.
Middle pharyngeal constrictor – located in the ?
Originates? Inserts?
located in the laryngopharynx.
Originates from the stylohyoid ligament and the horns of the hyoid bone.
Inserts posteriorly into the pharyngeal raphe.
Superior pharyngeal constrictor – the uppermost pharyngeal constrictor. It is located in the oropharynx. Also O and I?
Oropharynx.
Originates from the pterygomandibular ligament
pharyngeal raphe.
Proximal to LES (pulsatile type), and Mid-esophageal diverticulum are usually what type of disorders and require treatment ?
Motor Disorders, No treatment
What is Barrett’s Esophagus?
A condition where the lining of the esophagus changes to resemble the lining of the intestine, often due to chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
What are symptoms of Barrett’s Esophagus?
Chronic Heartburn
Regurgitation
Difficulty swallowing
Pain in chest
Swallowing pain
Hoarsness
Maldigestion vs Malabsorption
Maldigestion- inability to break down large
molecules in the lumen of the
intestine into their component small
molecules
Malabsorption- inability to transport molecules across the intestinal mucosa into circulation
The function of bile salts in the duodenum is to ?
Solubilize ingested fat and fat-soluble vitamins, facilitating their digestion and absorption.
Bile Salts are produced in the?? FROM?
Liver, directly from cholesterol
What is the diagnosis critera for IBS?
> 12 weeks in past year of abnormal discomfort and
Releaved with poopin
Change in frequency and consistency of stool
UPPER GI BLEED is associated with what conditions?
- Gastritis
- Esophageal varices
- Mallory-Weiss tears
- Erosive esophagitis
- Erosive gastritis
LOWER GI BLEED is associated with what conditions?
- Diverticulosis
- Ischemia
- Angiodysplasia (elderly)
- Infectious
- Anorectal (hemorrhoids,
- fissure, ulcer)
What are the differences between the types of Diarrhea?
Inflammatory - Disruption of intestinal Mucosa, Colon, Bloody, small volume, cramps
Non-Inflammatory- Intestinal mucosa intact, SM intestines, Large volume
What is the difference between Small bowl Obstructions and Large Bowl Obstructions?
SBO affects the small intestine and is often caused by adhesions, hernias, or inflammation. Symptoms include vomiting, abdominal pain, and inability to pass gas.
LBO affects the large intestine and is commonly caused by colorectal cancer, volvulus, or fecal impaction. Symptoms include constipation, abdominal distension, and less frequent vomiting.
What is Cholelithiasis ?
Gall Stones (undissolved cholesterol) in gall bladder
What is Choledocholithiasis
the presence of stones within the common bile duct
Cholangiocarcinoma is found?
Bile ducts - Cancer
What is Cholangitis
a redness and swelling (inflammation) of the bile duct system
What are the accessory organs of the digestive process?
Salivary Glands
Pancreas
Liver
G Blad
What are the organs of the digestive process?
Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Sm Intest
Large Intest
Anus
What are the long reflexes of the GI ?
May originate in or outside of the GI tract
Involve a sensory neuron that sends external or internal digestive information to the brain. This type of reflex includes reactions to food, emotion, or danger.
What are the Short reflexes of the GI ?
Occur within the walls of the GI tract. They do not involve the central nervous system (CNS), meaning that the reflex arc is confined to the enteric nervous system (ENS).
What is the main difference between Short and Long GI reflexes?
Short reflexes operate locally within the GI tract via the ENS, while long reflexes involve the CNS and integrate broader physiological responses.
What type of reflexes would be initiated by
- Changes in pH, distension, osmolarity, products
of digestion
- Submucosal plexu, contains the sensory neurons
-Afferent information to ganglia
- Efferent information to submucosal and myenteric plexuses for control of secretion, motility and growth
Short Reflexes
Deglutition = swallowing, Voluntary Buccal phase
is what type of phase of swallowing?
Pharyngeal
What are the 3 phases of Swallowing?
Mouth (ingestion)
Pharyngeal (Swallowing)
Esophageal (Peristalsis)
What prevents backflow into esophagus of food and stuff?
Cardiac sphincter
The _______ also known as the cardiac sphincter, is an _____ sphincter located at the bottom of the ______ where it connects with the stomach.
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES), also known as the cardiac sphincter,
is an involuntary
the esophagus, where it connects with the stomach.
The Stomach Mucos neck cells secrete?
Mucous and Bicarbonate
What do Cheif cells produce?
Pepsin and Gastric lipase
The Stomach parietal cells secrete?
HCL and Intrinsic factor
What activates Pepsin.. and What secretes this.. what does Pepsin do?
Pepsin secreted by Cheif cells. Digests proteins, Activated by HCl produced from Parietal cells
What do Stomach G and D Cells secrete?
G- Gastrin (Gasrtic acid stim)
D- Somatostatin ( Inhibits gastric acid secretion)
Parietal cells produce? and this makes? to help absorb? where?
HCl, and Intrinsic factor
intrinsic factor absorbtion of B12 in Sm. Intestines
