Mod 3 Physiology Resp Flashcards
The conducting zone consists of all of the structures that?
Provide passageways for air to travel into and out of the lungs: the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles
The respiratory zone corresponds to the ??
Lung parenchyma and includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
What makes up the Upper tract of the resipratoy system?
Nose, pharynx, and associated structures
What makes up the Lower tract of the resipratoy system?
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
What are joint together and called the physiological
dead space or conducting zone of the airways.
The oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities plus the
trachea and bronchi
What are the 4 layers of the trachea?
Mucosa
Submucosa
Hyaline cartilage
Adventitia
What is the difference between Type 1 and Type II alveolar cells?
Type I alveolar cells
– Nearly continuous lining,
– Site of gas exchange
Type II alveolar cells
– microvillus,
– Produces surfactant
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is associated with what type of defect/ Cell?
Surfactant production from Type II alveolar cells
The Measure of the ease with which lungs and thorax expand during inspiration is called?
Compliance
What It is the ability of the lungs to recoil to their original collapsed shape during expiration
Elasticity
What is Ventilation a relationship between?
Minute volume (total pulmonary ventilation) & anatomical dead space
* Physiological dead space
Exhalation only active during ?
Forceful breathing
When is the Pressure in lungs greater than atmospheric pressure?
Exhalation
What does the Disphragm do during exhalation?
Diaphragm relaxes and become dome shaped
In inhalation… What drops during inhalation?
As lung volume increases, alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure drops
What are the 4 measurments inLung volume?
TV
IRV
ERV
RV
Lung volumes (4) are measured by a?
Spirometer
Lung Capacities (4) are measured by a?
VC
IV
FRC
TLC
A theoretical value determined from a spirometer (data) indicates lung?
Capacity
What is TV?
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (I.R.V) ?
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal (T.V) Inspiration
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (E.R.V) ?
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal (T.V)
What is Residual Volume (R.V)?
Amount of air remaining in lungs after forced Expiration
What are the 4 types of Lung capacity?
VC
IV
FRC
TLC
Total Lung Capacity (T.L.C) is? How is it calaulated?
Max amount of air contained in the lungs after max inspiratory effort
TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV
Vital Capacity (VC) is? How is it calaulated?
Max amount that can be expired after max inspiratory effort
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
What is Inspiratory Capacity (I.C)? and How is it calculated?
Max amount that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration
IC = TV + IRV
What is Functional Residual Capacity (F.R.C)? and How is it calculated?
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration.
FRC = ERV + RV
Only about 70% of tidal volume reaches ?
The respiratory zone
The Amount of air inspired forcefully after inspiration of normal tidal volume is called?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
The Amount of air forcefully expired after expiration of normal tidal volume is called?
Expiratory reserve volume
Rsidual Volume is?
Volume of air remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration 1.3 L of air remains in the lungs
Carbon dioxide is primarily transported as?
Bicarbonate
Bicarbonate ions combine with hydrogen ions makes?
Carbonic acid
In the Medullary respiratory center Dorsal groups stimulate the ?
Diaphragm
In the Medullary respiratory center Ventral groups stimulate the ?
Intercostal and abdominal muscles
What group is involved with switching between inspiration and expiration?
Pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group
What modification centers are located in the Pons? What do they do?
Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers
regulate the respiratory rate and the
depth of respiration
hyperpnea’s and hypopnea are used to describe?
abnormal increases or decreases in the depth and rate of respiratory movements
Tachypnea (too fast), bradypnea (too slow), and apnea (cessation of breathing) describe abnormal?
changes in the respiratory rate
What is happening with the CO2 during hyperventilation and hypoventilation
The volume of exhaled CO2 is larger or smaller,
respectively, than the rate of CO2 production, and the arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) decreases or rises accordingly
Dyspnea?
Difficult or labored breathing
Orthopnea?
Breathing is difficult except in an upright position.
What Respiratory conditions impact the Tertiary bronchi?
COPD
Bronchiectasis
Asthma
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Infections
Interstitial Lung disease
What Respiratory conditions impact the lobar bronchi?
Pneumonia
Bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
Aspiration
Atelectasia
Cystic Fibrosis
What Respiratory conditions impact the primary bronchi?
Bronchitis
Tracheobronchomalacia
Foreign Body Obstruction
Tracheal and Bronchial Stenosis
Restrictive lung diseases are characterized by ?
a reduced lung volume, making it difficult for the lungs to fully expand and fill with air.
What is the mechanism in Restrictive lung disease?
Lungs become stiff or are unable to expand properly due to scarring, inflammation, or stiffness of the lung tissue.
Obstructive lung diseases are characterized by ?
Difficulty exhaling air out of the lungs due to narrowed or blocked airways.
What is the difference in airflow between Obstructive and Restrictive lung conditions?
Restrictive lung diseases, the main issue is reduced lung expansion and decreased total lung capacity
Obstructive lung diseases, the primary problem is difficulty exhaling due to narrowed or obstructed airways
What is the difference in Causes between Obstructive and Restrictive lung conditions?
Restrictive lung diseases are often due to conditions affecting lung tissue or the chest wall
Obstructive lung diseases typically involve inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
What are obstructive lung diseases (List)
COPD
Asthma
Cystic Fibrosis
Chronic Bronchitis (without COPD)
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD)
What are restrictive lung diseases (List)
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pneumoconiosis
Obesity
(muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and myasthenia gravis)
Kyphosis
Restrictive lung diseases are a group of respiratory disorders characterized by ?
Reduced lung volume, making it difficult for the lungs to fully expand and fill with air.
Impair the ability to inhale an adequate amount of oxygen.
Can affect the lung tissue itself, the chest wall, or the diaphragm,
Obstructive lung diseases are characterized by ?
Airflow limitation due to narrowing or obstruction of the airways.
What are 4 common Pleural Diseases?
Pneumothorax
Hydrothorax
Pyothorax
Hydropneumothorax
What is the differnce between OSA and CSA sleep related breathing disorders?
Obstructive (OSA) obstruction of the upper airway
Central (CSA) Episodic decreases in CNS drive to breathe ( no airflow because no respiratory effort)
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration: a form ?
Centras Sleep Apnea
A loss of hypoxic and hypercapnic drives to breathe secondary to “resuscitative breathing is considerd what?
Mixed Sleep Apnea
What is a Pulmonary Embolism (PE)?
occurs when one or more arteries in the lungs become blocked.
Clott in the lung (Travles from legs or blocked veins)
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) affect?
The interstitium, which is the tissue and space surrounding the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs
Rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, or lupus can cause?
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)
Pneumoconioses are ?
a group of lung diseases caused by the inhalation of mineral dusts and other particulate matter.
What are common pneumoconioses?
Silicosis: Caused by inhalation of silica dust
Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis (CWP, also known as Black Lung Disease): Caused by inhalation of coal dust
Asbestosis: Caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers
Berylliosis: Caused by inhalation of beryllium
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a complication with what ?
Chloride transport / Chloride Shift
CF is what and associated with what dysfunction?
Chloride transport dysfunction: thick secretions from exocrine glands (lung, pancreas, skin,
Reproductive organs) and blockage of secretory ducts
What is Bronchiectasis?
irreversible dilatation of airways due to inflammatory destruction of airway
walls resulting from persistently infected mucus
Chronic cough, purulent sputum, hemoptysis and recurrent pneumonia, can be associated with ?
Bronchiectasis
What are Blue Bloaters? Vs Pink Puffers?
Blue - Bronchitis
Pink- Emphysema
“Blue Bloaters” and “Pink Puffers” are terms used to describe two distinct types of ?
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Blue Bloaters associated with? Look like? and what is happening with O2?
Chronic bronchitis
Cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
Why is Bloaters used?
“Bloaters” refers to the physical appearance of these patients, often due to chronic bronchitis causing excess mucus production and air trapping, leading to a chronic cough and wheezing
Pink Puffers is commonly associated with ?
Emphysema
What is emphysema?
Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that damages the air sacs in your lungs and makes it hard to breathe.
“Pink” refers to the appearance of?
Emphysea Patients
Because they have a more normal or pinkish skin coloration compared to blue bloaters.
Why is Puffers used?
Puffers” refers to the pursed-lip breathing often seen in these patients
which helps maintain positive pressure in the airways and prevents airway collapse.
What is the main differnce between Blue and Pink peps?
Blue bloaters
chronic bronchitis and have more severe hypoxemia and cyanosis (chronic airway inflammation and mucus production.)
Pink puffers
Emphysema and typically have better preserved oxygen levels at rest but more severe exertional dyspnea
How is COPD Clinically defined?
Cough on most days for 3 consecutive months in 2 successive years
What are the 2 types of COPD?
Centrilobular
Panacinar
Centrilobular (centriacinar): ? is associated with what locations
Primarily the upper lobes
Occurs with loss of the respiratory bronchioles in the proximal portion of the acinus, with sparing of distal alveoli.
Panacinar emphysema is characterized by
Permanent destruction of the airspaces (alveoli) distal to the respiratory bronchioles.
Increase FRC and TLC (Hyperinflation) is associated with what Lung disease?
Obstructive
Air trapping is involved with what type of lung disease?
Obstructive
Restrictive lung disease does what to Lung Compliance and volumes?
Decrease
Pulmonary function yesys Differentiate between?
– obstructive vs. restrictive lung disease
– assess lung volumes,
– flow rates, and
– diffusion capacity
