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3rd Year > Mod 3 Physiology Resp > Flashcards

Mod 3 Physiology Resp Flashcards

1
Q

The conducting zone consists of all of the structures that?

A

Provide passageways for air to travel into and out of the lungs: the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles

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2
Q

The respiratory zone corresponds to the ??

A

Lung parenchyma and includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

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3
Q

What makes up the Upper tract of the resipratoy system?

A

Nose, pharynx, and associated structures

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4
Q

What makes up the Lower tract of the resipratoy system?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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5
Q

What are joint together and called the physiological
dead space or conducting zone of the airways.

A

The oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities plus the
trachea and bronchi

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6
Q

What are the 4 layers of the trachea?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Hyaline cartilage
Adventitia

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7
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type II alveolar cells?

A

Type I alveolar cells
– Nearly continuous lining,
– Site of gas exchange

Type II alveolar cells
– microvillus,
– Produces surfactant

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8
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is associated with what type of defect/ Cell?

A

Surfactant production from Type II alveolar cells

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9
Q

The Measure of the ease with which lungs and thorax expand during inspiration is called?

A

Compliance

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10
Q

What It is the ability of the lungs to recoil to their original collapsed shape during expiration

A

Elasticity

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11
Q

What is Ventilation a relationship between?

A

Minute volume (total pulmonary ventilation) & anatomical dead space
* Physiological dead space

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12
Q

Exhalation only active during ?

A

Forceful breathing

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13
Q

When is the Pressure in lungs greater than atmospheric pressure?

A

Exhalation

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14
Q

What does the Disphragm do during exhalation?

A

Diaphragm relaxes and become dome shaped

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15
Q

In inhalation… What drops during inhalation?

A

As lung volume increases, alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure drops

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16
Q

What are the 4 measurments inLung volume?

A

TV
IRV
ERV
RV

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17
Q

Lung volumes (4) are measured by a?

A

Spirometer

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18
Q

Lung Capacities (4) are measured by a?

A

VC
IV
FRC
TLC

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19
Q

A theoretical value determined from a spirometer (data) indicates lung?

A

Capacity

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20
Q

What is TV?

A

Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions

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21
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (I.R.V) ?

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal (T.V) Inspiration

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22
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (E.R.V) ?

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal (T.V)

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23
Q

What is Residual Volume (R.V)?

A

Amount of air remaining in lungs after forced Expiration

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24
Q

What are the 4 types of Lung capacity?

A

VC
IV
FRC
TLC

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25
Q

Total Lung Capacity (T.L.C) is? How is it calaulated?

A

Max amount of air contained in the lungs after max inspiratory effort

TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

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26
Q

Vital Capacity (VC) is? How is it calaulated?

A

Max amount that can be expired after max inspiratory effort

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

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27
Q

What is Inspiratory Capacity (I.C)? and How is it calculated?

A

Max amount that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration

IC = TV + IRV

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28
Q

What is Functional Residual Capacity (F.R.C)? and How is it calculated?

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration.

FRC = ERV + RV

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29
Q

Only about 70% of tidal volume reaches ?

A

The respiratory zone

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30
Q

The Amount of air inspired forcefully after inspiration of normal tidal volume is called?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

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31
Q

The Amount of air forcefully expired after expiration of normal tidal volume is called?

A

Expiratory reserve volume

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32
Q

Rsidual Volume is?

A

Volume of air remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration 1.3 L of air remains in the lungs

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33
Q

Carbon dioxide is primarily transported as?

A

Bicarbonate

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34
Q

Bicarbonate ions combine with hydrogen ions makes?

A

Carbonic acid

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35
Q

In the Medullary respiratory center Dorsal groups stimulate the ?

A

Diaphragm

36
Q

In the Medullary respiratory center Ventral groups stimulate the ?

A

Intercostal and abdominal muscles

37
Q

What group is involved with switching between inspiration and expiration?

A

Pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group

38
Q

What modification centers are located in the Pons? What do they do?

A

Apneustic and pneumotaxic centers

regulate the respiratory rate and the
depth of respiration

39
Q

hyperpnea’s and hypopnea are used to describe?

A

abnormal increases or decreases in the depth and rate of respiratory movements

40
Q

Tachypnea (too fast), bradypnea (too slow), and apnea (cessation of breathing) describe abnormal?

A

changes in the respiratory rate

40
Q

What is happening with the CO2 during hyperventilation and hypoventilation

A

The volume of exhaled CO2 is larger or smaller,
respectively, than the rate of CO2 production, and the arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) decreases or rises accordingly

40
Q

Dyspnea?

A

Difficult or labored breathing

40
Q

Orthopnea?

A

Breathing is difficult except in an upright position.

41
Q

What Respiratory conditions impact the Tertiary bronchi?

A

COPD
Bronchiectasis
Asthma
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Infections
Interstitial Lung disease

42
Q

What Respiratory conditions impact the lobar bronchi?

A

Pneumonia
Bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
Aspiration
Atelectasia
Cystic Fibrosis

43
Q

What Respiratory conditions impact the primary bronchi?

A

Bronchitis
Tracheobronchomalacia
Foreign Body Obstruction
Tracheal and Bronchial Stenosis

44
Q

Restrictive lung diseases are characterized by ?

A

a reduced lung volume, making it difficult for the lungs to fully expand and fill with air.

45
Q

What is the mechanism in Restrictive lung disease?

A

Lungs become stiff or are unable to expand properly due to scarring, inflammation, or stiffness of the lung tissue.

45
Q

Obstructive lung diseases are characterized by ?

A

Difficulty exhaling air out of the lungs due to narrowed or blocked airways.

46
Q

What is the difference in airflow between Obstructive and Restrictive lung conditions?

A

Restrictive lung diseases, the main issue is reduced lung expansion and decreased total lung capacity

Obstructive lung diseases, the primary problem is difficulty exhaling due to narrowed or obstructed airways

47
Q

What is the difference in Causes between Obstructive and Restrictive lung conditions?

A

Restrictive lung diseases are often due to conditions affecting lung tissue or the chest wall

Obstructive lung diseases typically involve inflammation and narrowing of the airways.

48
Q

What are obstructive lung diseases (List)

A

COPD
Asthma
Cystic Fibrosis
Chronic Bronchitis (without COPD)
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD)

49
Q

What are restrictive lung diseases (List)

A

Pulmonary fibrosis
Pneumoconiosis
Obesity
(muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and myasthenia gravis)
Kyphosis

50
Q

Restrictive lung diseases are a group of respiratory disorders characterized by ?

A

Reduced lung volume, making it difficult for the lungs to fully expand and fill with air.

Impair the ability to inhale an adequate amount of oxygen.

Can affect the lung tissue itself, the chest wall, or the diaphragm,

51
Q

Obstructive lung diseases are characterized by ?

A

Airflow limitation due to narrowing or obstruction of the airways.

52
Q

What are 4 common Pleural Diseases?

A

Pneumothorax
Hydrothorax
Pyothorax
Hydropneumothorax

53
Q

What is the differnce between OSA and CSA sleep related breathing disorders?

A

Obstructive (OSA) obstruction of the upper airway

Central (CSA) Episodic decreases in CNS drive to breathe ( no airflow because no respiratory effort)

54
Q

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration: a form ?

A

Centras Sleep Apnea

55
Q

A loss of hypoxic and hypercapnic drives to breathe secondary to “resuscitative breathing is considerd what?

A

Mixed Sleep Apnea

56
Q

What is a Pulmonary Embolism (PE)?

A

occurs when one or more arteries in the lungs become blocked.

Clott in the lung (Travles from legs or blocked veins)

57
Q

Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) affect?

A

The interstitium, which is the tissue and space surrounding the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs

58
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, or lupus can cause?

A

Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)

59
Q

Pneumoconioses are ?

A

a group of lung diseases caused by the inhalation of mineral dusts and other particulate matter.

60
Q

What are common pneumoconioses?

A

Silicosis: Caused by inhalation of silica dust

Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis (CWP, also known as Black Lung Disease): Caused by inhalation of coal dust

Asbestosis: Caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers

Berylliosis: Caused by inhalation of beryllium

61
Q

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a complication with what ?

A

Chloride transport / Chloride Shift

62
Q

CF is what and associated with what dysfunction?

A

Chloride transport dysfunction: thick secretions from exocrine glands (lung, pancreas, skin,

Reproductive organs) and blockage of secretory ducts

63
Q

What is Bronchiectasis?

A

irreversible dilatation of airways due to inflammatory destruction of airway
walls resulting from persistently infected mucus

64
Q

Chronic cough, purulent sputum, hemoptysis and recurrent pneumonia, can be associated with ?

A

Bronchiectasis

65
Q

What are Blue Bloaters? Vs Pink Puffers?

A

Blue - Bronchitis
Pink- Emphysema

66
Q

“Blue Bloaters” and “Pink Puffers” are terms used to describe two distinct types of ?

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

67
Q

Blue Bloaters associated with? Look like? and what is happening with O2?

A

Chronic bronchitis

Cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to inadequate oxygenation of the blood.

68
Q

Why is Bloaters used?

A

“Bloaters” refers to the physical appearance of these patients, often due to chronic bronchitis causing excess mucus production and air trapping, leading to a chronic cough and wheezing

69
Q

Pink Puffers is commonly associated with ?

A

Emphysema

70
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that damages the air sacs in your lungs and makes it hard to breathe.

71
Q

“Pink” refers to the appearance of?

A

Emphysea Patients

Because they have a more normal or pinkish skin coloration compared to blue bloaters.

72
Q

Why is Puffers used?

A

Puffers” refers to the pursed-lip breathing often seen in these patients

which helps maintain positive pressure in the airways and prevents airway collapse.

73
Q

What is the main differnce between Blue and Pink peps?

A

Blue bloaters
chronic bronchitis and have more severe hypoxemia and cyanosis (chronic airway inflammation and mucus production.)

Pink puffers
Emphysema and typically have better preserved oxygen levels at rest but more severe exertional dyspnea

74
Q

How is COPD Clinically defined?

A

Cough on most days for 3 consecutive months in 2 successive years

75
Q

What are the 2 types of COPD?

A

Centrilobular
Panacinar

76
Q

Centrilobular (centriacinar): ? is associated with what locations

A

Primarily the upper lobes

Occurs with loss of the respiratory bronchioles in the proximal portion of the acinus, with sparing of distal alveoli.

77
Q

Panacinar emphysema is characterized by

A

Permanent destruction of the airspaces (alveoli) distal to the respiratory bronchioles.

78
Q

Increase FRC and TLC (Hyperinflation) is associated with what Lung disease?

A

Obstructive

79
Q

Air trapping is involved with what type of lung disease?

A

Obstructive

80
Q

Restrictive lung disease does what to Lung Compliance and volumes?

A

Decrease

81
Q

Pulmonary function yesys Differentiate between?

A

– obstructive vs. restrictive lung disease
– assess lung volumes,
– flow rates, and
– diffusion capacity

3rd Year (26 decks)

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