Endo Flashcards
What is the function of adenylate cyclase?
Catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP
What is the cAMP Signaling mechanism?
Hormone
Receptor activates G Protein
G Protein Activates Adenylate Cyclase
Adenylate Cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
cAMP activates protein kinase that phosphorylates proteins
Calmodulin role in smooth muscle?
Activate crossbridge cycling and the development of force in response to a [Ca2+]
via the activation of myosin light-chain kinase and phosphorylation of myosin.
cGMP (Cyclic Guanosine monophosphate)
a second messenger molecule that modulates various downstream effects, including vasodilation, retinal phototransduction, calcium homeostasis, and neurotransmission.
myosin light-chain kinase
Enzyme that facilitates muscle contraction by phosphorylating myosin light chains
Oxytocin (Where produced) (Function)
Produced in the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland.
Its main function is to facilitate childbirth,
What are the posterior pituitary hormones?
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin) –> (Where produced) (Function)
ADH is produced in the hypothalamus
Stored and released by the posterior pituitary,
Targets kidneys to regulate water balance and urine concentration
(Collecting ducts) (Little on DCT)
ADH is essential for regulating water balance, concentrating urine, and maintaining blood pressure
What signals Ocytocin and ADH.. all that
causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced.
What does the Thyroid Glan secrete?
Thyroxine and Calcitonin
What is the function of Thyroxine?
Regulates Metabolism (T3/4)
What is the function of Calcitonin?
lowering blood calcium levels and maintaining bone health
Inhibit bone resorption and promoting the excretion of calcium and phosphate through the kidneys.
What does the Parathyroid gland secrete?
Parathyroid Hormone
What is the function of Parathyroid Homrone?
Works with calcitonin and vitamin D, to maintain calcium and phosphate balance
Its secretion is regulated by blood calcium levels: low blood calcium stimulates PTH release, while high blood calcium inhibits it
(PTH stimulates the release of calcium from bones into the bloodstream by promoting the activity of osteoclasts)
What is the function of Insulin?
Decreases blood sugar
What does the pancreas secrete?
Insulin (Islets Cells) and Glucagon
How does insulin decrease blood sugar?
Promoting the uptake of glucose by cells
Insulin produced by Beta Cells
What is the function of Glucagon?
Increase blood sugar
How does Glucagon promote the increase of Blood sugar?
Stimulating the breakdown of glycogen in the liver
What do the Testes prodce?
Testosterone
What is the function of Testosterone?
Regulate sperm production and secondary sex characteristics
What do the Ovaries Produce?
Estrogen and Progesterone
What is the function of Estrogen
Stimulates Egg maturation, controls secondaty sex characteristics
What is the function of Progesterone?
Prepares the uterus to receive fertilized egg
What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
Epinephrine
What is the function of EPI?
Stimulates Fight or flight response
What does the adrenal medulla produce?
Glucocorticoids, Aldosterone,Testosterone (both sexes)
What is the function of Glucocorticoids?
Part of the stress response to increase blood glucose levels, Decrease immune response
What is the function of Aldosterone
Regulates Na+ contents in blood
What does the pineal Gland secrete?
Melatonin
What is the function of Melatonin?
regulate Sleep cycles, reproductive cycles
What is the function of Gastrin?
Enhancing gastric mucosal growth, gastric motility, and secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach
Where is Gastrin produced?
G-cells in Stomach and Sm. Intest Walls
What hormone does the heart secrete?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
What is the function of ANP?
Cardiac hormone that regulates salt-water balance and blood pressure by promoting renal sodium and water excretion and stimulating vasodilation
What is the function of EPO? Where is it produced?
Produced in Bone marrow/ Stimulates red blood cell production
Granulosa cells in the _____ also respond to ____ and produce progesterone?
pre-ovulatory follicle, LH
What is the function of leutininzing hormone (LH)?
stimulates ovarian cells to
– progesterone by way of a second messenger system.
– intracellular levels of free calcium increase when LH
stimulates the cells.
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What is Graves disease? What causes it ?
Autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland
Buldging eyes
What is Addison’s disease? What causes it ?
adrenal insufficiency- adrenal glands make too little cortisol and, aldosterone
What is Hashimotos disease? What causes?
Autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid gland
lymphocytic thyroiditis
Slower HR, Fatigue
Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common cause of ??
Addison’s disease
What is chushing’s disease? What causes it ?
Pituitary adenoma- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
What is Sheehan syndrome?
Dehydration, ischemia
Panhypo-pituitrism
Bitemporal hemianopia
Prolactin secreting tumor
visual blindness
Common hormone between Adrenal insufficiency/ Cushing syndrome, Addison’s
disease
ACTH
Function of ACTH? and the release causes what to produce what?
pituitary gland releases that plays a large role in how your body responds to stress.
The release of ACTH triggers your adrenal glands to produce cortisol,
What is the function of Growth hormone?
Human growth hormone is produced ??
Anterior Pituitary
The primary regulation factors of GH are what? and Produced ?
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) produced in the hypothalamus
GHRH functions to promote ?
HGH production and release
The direct effects of HGH on the body are through its ?
Action on binding to target cells to stimulate a response.
The indirect effects of GH occur primarily by the action of ?
insulin-like growth factor-1
TSH is stimulated by? and Inhibited by?
Stimulated by TRH and cold temp in infants
Inhibited: Thyroid hormones on ant pit gland and Hypothalamus
What is the target organ for TSH?
Thyroid gland (Stimulates release of thyroid hormone)
Too much TSH and TooAC little creates what diseases?
Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism,
ACTH is stimulated by? and it is released from?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus
Stimulate your adrenal glands to release cortisol
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) function is?
HPA axis!
ACTH is inhibited by?
Glucocorticoids inhibition
What are Glucocorticoids?
RESEARCH
What is the target organ for ACTH?
Adrenal cortex (regulates Glucocorticoids)
Too much ACTH results in?
Cushing’s disease
What does the Pineal Gland produce?
Melatonin
Serotonin
Histamine
Dopamine
What are the functions of Thyroxin?
BMR
Apetite Reg/ Metabolism
Hemodynamic (Heart)
What is Hashimoto’s?
Autoimmune disorder- attacks your thyroid gland
What is the differnce between Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s ?
Both autoimmune disorders that attach thyroid.
Hashimoto’s causes the thyroid to become underactive
Graves’ makes it overactive
Calcitonin’s main job is to??
lower calcium levels in your blood`
Where is Calcitonin Made?
C-cells of the thyroid gland (Thyroid parafollicular)
When levels of calcium in the blood increase what is secreted?
Calcitonin
What is the difference (position wise) between the Superior parathyroid glands and inferior parathyroid glands
Superior parathyroid glands come from the fourth pharyngeal pouch
Inferior parathyroid glands come from the third pharyngeal pouch.
PTH does ??
Increases calcium reabsorption at the kidneys
What is the difference between PTH and Calcitonin?
PTH increases calcium levels
calcitonin decreases calcium levels
where is pth produced?
parathyroid gland
What do the chief cells in parathyroid and chief cells in stomach produe?
Parathyroid - PTH
(Gastric) Stomach - Pepsin
Parathyroids main function?
Vitamin D uptake, and Calcium regulation
Where is Erythropoitine produced?
Peritubular cells of the kidney (Glycoprotein)
What is the function of hormone leutininzing hormone (LH)?
stimulates ovarian cells to
– progesterone by way of a second messenger system.
What happens to the intracellular levels of free calcium when LH stimulates the cells.
increase
Pheochromocytoma
Adrenal Gland Tumor (Chromaffin Cells)
Heart Palpations (High BP)
Headaches
Tremors/ Sweating
Chromaffin cells make ___ and ____ and They are found in the
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
Adrenal gland
Loss of appetite, low blood glucose and sodium, severe dehydration… and abnormal Adrenal cortex functioning… What disease?
Addisons
The adrenal cortex produces?
Glucocorticoids, Androgens, Mineralocorticoids
What are the functions of Alpha, Beta and Delta Cells?
Alpha Cells: Produce and secrete glucagon (raises blood glucose)
Beta Cells: Produce and secrete insulin (lowers blood glucose levels)
Delta Cells: Secrete somatostatin (inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon)
Graves’ disease??
Auto immune system condition that affects the thyroid gland —– hyperthyroidism.
Symptoms of Graves?
Losing weight, despite wanting to eat more.
Goiter.
Having changes in menstrual cycles. erectile dysfunction, or having less desire for sex.
Having bowel movements often.
Having bulging eyes — a condition called thyroid eye disease or Graves’ ophthalmopathy.
Hashimoto’s disease?
Autoimmune - death of the thyroid’s hormone-producing cells. (hypothyroidism).
