Endo Flashcards by Corey Thatcher

What is the function of adenylate cyclase?

Catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP

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What is the cAMP Signaling mechanism?

Hormone

Receptor activates G Protein

G Protein Activates Adenylate Cyclase

Adenylate Cyclase converts ATP to cAMP

cAMP activates protein kinase that phosphorylates proteins

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Calmodulin role in smooth muscle?

Activate crossbridge cycling and the development of force in response to a [Ca2+]

via the activation of myosin light-chain kinase and phosphorylation of myosin.

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cGMP (Cyclic Guanosine monophosphate)

a second messenger molecule that modulates various downstream effects, including vasodilation, retinal phototransduction, calcium homeostasis, and neurotransmission.

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myosin light-chain kinase

Enzyme that facilitates muscle contraction by phosphorylating myosin light chains

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Oxytocin (Where produced) (Function)

Produced in the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland.

Its main function is to facilitate childbirth,

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What are the posterior pituitary hormones?

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin) –> (Where produced) (Function)

ADH is produced in the hypothalamus

Stored and released by the posterior pituitary,

Targets kidneys to regulate water balance and urine concentration

(Collecting ducts) (Little on DCT)

ADH is essential for regulating water balance, concentrating urine, and maintaining blood pressure

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What signals Ocytocin and ADH.. all that

causes the kidneys to release less water, decreasing the amount of urine produced.

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What does the Thyroid Glan secrete?

Thyroxine and Calcitonin

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What is the function of Thyroxine?

Regulates Metabolism (T3/4)

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What is the function of Calcitonin?

lowering blood calcium levels and maintaining bone health

Inhibit bone resorption and promoting the excretion of calcium and phosphate through the kidneys.

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What does the Parathyroid gland secrete?

Parathyroid Hormone

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What is the function of Parathyroid Homrone?

Works with calcitonin and vitamin D, to maintain calcium and phosphate balance

Its secretion is regulated by blood calcium levels: low blood calcium stimulates PTH release, while high blood calcium inhibits it

(PTH stimulates the release of calcium from bones into the bloodstream by promoting the activity of osteoclasts)

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What is the function of Insulin?

Decreases blood sugar

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What does the pancreas secrete?

Insulin (Islets Cells) and Glucagon

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How does insulin decrease blood sugar?

Promoting the uptake of glucose by cells

Insulin produced by Beta Cells

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What is the function of Glucagon?

Increase blood sugar

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How does Glucagon promote the increase of Blood sugar?

Stimulating the breakdown of glycogen in the liver

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What do the Testes prodce?

Testosterone

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What is the function of Testosterone?

Regulate sperm production and secondary sex characteristics

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What do the Ovaries Produce?

Estrogen and Progesterone

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What is the function of Estrogen

Stimulates Egg maturation, controls secondaty sex characteristics

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What is the function of Progesterone?

Prepares the uterus to receive fertilized egg

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What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Epinephrine

What is the function of EPI?

Stimulates Fight or flight response

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

Glucocorticoids, Aldosterone,Testosterone (both sexes)

What is the function of Glucocorticoids?

Part of the stress response to increase blood glucose levels, Decrease immune response

What is the function of Aldosterone

Regulates Na+ contents in blood

What does the pineal Gland secrete?

Melatonin

What is the function of Melatonin?

regulate Sleep cycles, reproductive cycles

What is the function of Gastrin?

Enhancing gastric mucosal growth, gastric motility, and secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach

Where is Gastrin produced?

G-cells in Stomach and Sm. Intest Walls

What hormone does the heart secrete?

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

What is the function of ANP?

Cardiac hormone that regulates salt-water balance and blood pressure by promoting renal sodium and water excretion and stimulating vasodilation

What is the function of EPO? Where is it produced?

Produced in Bone marrow/ Stimulates red blood cell production

Granulosa cells in the _____ also respond to ____ and produce progesterone?

pre-ovulatory follicle, LH

What is the function of leutininzing hormone (LH)?

stimulates ovarian cells to – progesterone by way of a second messenger system. – intracellular levels of free calcium increase when LH stimulates the cells. 53

What is Graves disease? What causes it ?

Autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland Buldging eyes

What is Addison's disease? What causes it ?

adrenal insufficiency- adrenal glands make too little cortisol and, aldosterone

What is Hashimotos disease? What causes?

Autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid gland lymphocytic thyroiditis Slower HR, Fatigue

Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common cause of ??

Addison's disease

What is chushing's disease? What causes it ?

Pituitary adenoma- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What is Sheehan syndrome?

Dehydration, ischemia Panhypo-pituitrism

Bitemporal hemianopia

Prolactin secreting tumor visual blindness

Common hormone between Adrenal insufficiency/ Cushing syndrome, Addison's disease

ACTH

Function of ACTH? and the release causes what to produce what?

pituitary gland releases that plays a large role in how your body responds to stress. The release of ACTH triggers your adrenal glands to produce cortisol,

What is the function of Growth hormone?

Human growth hormone is produced ??

Anterior Pituitary

The primary regulation factors of GH are what? and Produced ?

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) produced in the hypothalamus

GHRH functions to promote ?

HGH production and release

The direct effects of HGH on the body are through its ?

Action on binding to target cells to stimulate a response.

The indirect effects of GH occur primarily by the action of ?

insulin-like growth factor-1

TSH is stimulated by? and Inhibited by?

Stimulated by TRH and cold temp in infants Inhibited: Thyroid hormones on ant pit gland and Hypothalamus

What is the target organ for TSH?

Thyroid gland (Stimulates release of thyroid hormone)

Too much TSH and TooAC little creates what diseases?

Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism,

ACTH is stimulated by? and it is released from?

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus Stimulate your adrenal glands to release cortisol

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) function is?

HPA axis!

ACTH is inhibited by?

Glucocorticoids inhibition

What are Glucocorticoids?

RESEARCH

What is the target organ for ACTH?

Adrenal cortex (regulates Glucocorticoids)

Too much ACTH results in?

Cushing's disease

What does the Pineal Gland produce?

Melatonin Serotonin Histamine Dopamine

What are the functions of Thyroxin?

BMR Apetite Reg/ Metabolism Hemodynamic (Heart)

What is Hashimoto's?

Autoimmune disorder- attacks your thyroid gland

What is the differnce between Graves' disease and Hashimoto's ?

Both autoimmune disorders that attach thyroid. Hashimoto’s causes the thyroid to become underactive Graves' makes it overactive

Calcitonin's main job is to??

lower calcium levels in your blood`

Where is Calcitonin Made?

C-cells of the thyroid gland (Thyroid parafollicular)

When levels of calcium in the blood increase what is secreted?

Calcitonin

What is the difference (position wise) between the Superior parathyroid glands and inferior parathyroid glands

Superior parathyroid glands come from the fourth pharyngeal pouch Inferior parathyroid glands come from the third pharyngeal pouch.

PTH does ??

Increases calcium reabsorption at the kidneys

What is the difference between PTH and Calcitonin?

PTH increases calcium levels calcitonin decreases calcium levels

where is pth produced?

parathyroid gland

What do the chief cells in parathyroid and chief cells in stomach produe?

Parathyroid - PTH (Gastric) Stomach - Pepsin

Parathyroids main function?

Vitamin D uptake, and Calcium regulation

Where is Erythropoitine produced?

Peritubular cells of the kidney (Glycoprotein)

What is the function of hormone leutininzing hormone (LH)?

stimulates ovarian cells to – progesterone by way of a second messenger system.

What happens to the intracellular levels of free calcium when LH stimulates the cells.

increase

Pheochromocytoma

Adrenal Gland Tumor (Chromaffin Cells) Heart Palpations (High BP) Headaches Tremors/ Sweating

Chromaffin cells make ___ and ____ and They are found in the

Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Adrenal gland

Loss of appetite, low blood glucose and sodium, severe dehydration... and abnormal Adrenal cortex functioning... What disease?

Addisons

The adrenal cortex produces?

Glucocorticoids, Androgens, Mineralocorticoids

What are the functions of Alpha, Beta and Delta Cells?

Alpha Cells: Produce and secrete glucagon (raises blood glucose) Beta Cells: Produce and secrete insulin (lowers blood glucose levels) Delta Cells: Secrete somatostatin (inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon)

Graves' disease??

Auto immune system condition that affects the thyroid gland ----- hyperthyroidism.

Symptoms of Graves?

Losing weight, despite wanting to eat more. Goiter. Having changes in menstrual cycles. erectile dysfunction, or having less desire for sex. Having bowel movements often. Having bulging eyes — a condition called thyroid eye disease or Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Hashimoto's disease?

Autoimmune - death of the thyroid's hormone-producing cells. (hypothyroidism).