OT Mod 3

Question 1

Class A joints: are? (Examples and have what components?)

Answer 1

occipital-spinal, costal spinal,
sacroiliac. Lesions of these joints affect spinal
joints and related nerve centres through:

1) Disturbed nerve reflexes
2) Postural strains
3) Direct continuity of tissue strain

Question 2

Class B joints: (Examples and have what components?)

Answer 2

shoulder- girdle, hip, knee,
ankle, foot. Lesions of these joints affect spinal
joints and related nerve centres through:

1) Disturbed nerve reflexes
2) Postural strains

Question 3

Class C joints: (Examples and have what components?)

Answer 3

hyoid, mandible, larynx,
trachea. Lesions of these joints affect spinal
joints and related nerve centres through:

1) Disturbed nerve reflexes

Question 4

anterior and posterior pillars are ??

Answer 4

Active and passive structures through coordinated activity
control posture

Question 5

_________ are the strong, expanding pressure of the nucleus exerts its _____ to aid the spine in returning to the position of repose from

Answer 5

Anterior pillar (column of bodies)

Push

Forward-bent and side-bent positions

Question 6

__________ the strong
contracting force of the _________ and
related ligaments exerts a ________ to aid in the return
from forward-bending or side-bending

Answer 6

Posterior pillar (column of arches)
Ligament sub-flava
Pull

Question 7

Movement in the spine is made possible by ? (Make up for ?? of the length)

Answer 7

The elasticity of the discs which make up one fourth
of the length

Question 8

The _____________ action of the _______
gives to the movement its freedom and perfect
action

Answer 8

The ball and socket action of the nucleus pulposus

Question 9

Range of movement depends on??

Answer 9

1) Thickness of the intervertebral discs above and
below and their compressibility

2) The shape of the particular vertebra, its body,
articular processes, and laminae

3) Limitation of ligaments attached to the vertebrae

Question 10

Cervical flexion is ______ _____ Than
extension.

Lateral flexion and rotation
accompany each other are relatively _______

Answer 10

Cervical flexion is less marked than
extension.

Lateral flexion and rotation
accompany each other are relatively free
compared to the dorsals and lumbars.

Question 11

Due to the slant of the articular facets,
some _____ must be allowed to get
any ______ at all and some rotation
always accompanies _____

Answer 11

Due to the slant of the articular facets,
some side-bending must be allowed to get
any rotation at all and some rotation
always accompanies side-bending

Question 12

According to Edythe Ashmore, SB and R
dysfunctions are named??

Answer 12

According to Edythe Ashmore, SB and R
dysfunctions are named according to
which movement comes firs

Question 13

During long periods in an_________ the spring-like
curves of the spine together with the____ act as a _________ for the protection of the brain, the nervous system, and all the delicately balanced
body activities.

Answer 13

During long periods in an upright position, the spring-like curves of the spine together with the elasticity of the fibro-Cartilages act as a shock absorber for the protection of the brain, the nervous system, and all the delicately balanced body activities.

Question 15

Cardiac curve is ??

Answer 15

A lateral curve believed to occur in the yielding spine in a growing child due to pressure of the heart and aorta

Question 16

Structural scoliosis commonly results from _____ in young undeveloped persons who have a tendency to weakened muscles and who sit or stand in such
attitudes that the muscles are relieved of strain.
The strain is shifted to such insensitive structures
as ligaments and fascia’s.

Answer 16

faulty position (functional scoliosis)`

Question 17

In theory, the spine becomes ____ as soon as
the individual _____

Answer 17

In theory, the spine becomes shorter as soon as
the individual takes the upright position after
having been in the reclining position

Question 18

The weight of the upright body ____ ____
discs and also _____ ____ _____ curves

Answer 18

The weight of the upright body compresses the
discs and also increases the depth of the curves

Question 19

Great importance in osteopathy perhaps due to the
fact that in no other part of the body is there so
much change from ______ there is in
the _______

Answer 19

Infancy to old age as there is in the intervertebral disc.

Question 20

The _____ of the disc determines the rate at
which senility is expressed.

Answer 20

State of nutrition

Question 21

Spinal suppleness may be retained to any age and
depends upon the ______________of the
individual spinal joints to allow for free motion to
which nerve action and tissue nutrition depend on.

Answer 21

Condition of ligaments, the short deep muscles, and the nucleus pulposus

Question 22

The spine is the first organ in the body to undergo
the __________. Possibly due to the ???

Answer 22

Degenerative changes. Possibly due to the
unique functional relations of the spine

Question 23

The chief forces to be withstood by the human
spine are, both of them very severe in humans
whose occupations involve strong bodily work??? (2)

Answer 23

Pressure and Tension

Question 24

What makes the Annulus possible to control the rhythmic motion of the spinal joints and the spine as a organ. Sets the limits.?

Answer 24

The fibres of the annulus receive from the
vertebral bodies the tension of all the motions
of the spinal joint.

Together with the action of the elastic ligamentum subflavum

Question 24

The annulus comes into being, or first
reaches its greatest development at ?

Answer 24

The period when the stresses and strains of life
are most severe

Question 25

The nutrition of the disc is believed to be
provided by??

Answer 25

Spongiosa of the vertebrae and lymph channels.

Question 26

_____ of the disc ensures a constant renewal of nutrients and discard of waste products.

Answer 26

Proper motion in the disc

Question 27

The arteries to the bodies of the vertebrae
make their entrance ____through the _____of the
____ Within the spinal canal__

Answer 27

Beneath the longitudinal ligament, through the posterior surfaces of the bodies within the spinal canal

Question 28

Lymph capillaries spring from ____ to supply the???

Answer 28

Spring from arterial capillaries to supply the cartilaginous plate of the disc

Question 29

Nerva Vasorum?

Answer 29

Nerve supplying blood (vasomotor fibers implanted in its walls)

Question 30

A knowledge of the structures in the IVF-duct is
important for several reasons???

Answer 30

1) every spinal nerve impulse, spinal blood-vessel, venous and arterial, must pass through this canal or
duct.
2) The duct lie in intimate relation to the posterior articular facets, the rib heads, and the disc.
3) Structures in the IVF are pinched in the presence of anosteopathic lesion.

Question 31

Nerva Nervorum?

Answer 31

Nerve supplying
nerve; every artery down to capillary
endings carries with it sympathetic
fibers, therefore, nerve trunks
themselves receive from this source a
sympathetic nerve supply

Question 32

Vasa Nervorum?

Answer 32

Arteries supplying the nerves, aside from their nutrient function they supply collateral
circulation, which is at times of great
importance

Question 33

Vasa Vasorum?

Answer 33

The walls of arteries and arterioles are nourished by
arterioles coming from without, penetrating the muscular wall along with the vasomotor sympathetic nerves

Question 33

An anterior group - act & a posterior group act ?

Answer 33

Anterior group (act with gravity)
Posterior (act against gravity)

Question 34

The ____ _____muscles are of first importance in causing the traumatic spinal lesioning

Answer 34

The superficial axial muscles

Question 34

The deep intrinsic muscles are always
associated with?? and Why?

Answer 34

Associated with any pathology of the osteopathic lesion!

• They maintain the lesion after the force has traumatized them & the lesion established.

Question 35

Do the anterior or posterior muscles need more attention?

Answer 35

The muscles of the posterior/extensor group are far more numerous and demand more attention in diagnosis and therapy than those of the
anterior or flexor group

Question 36

In the reflex lesion, the muscles of the
________ are principally affected
since they are in intimate relation to the
joint.

Answer 36

Segmental group

Question 37

Cardinal tension points in the spine?

Answer 37

Lumbosacral
Thoracolumbar
Cervicothoracic
Occipitocervical

Question 38

Postural strains in the spinal organ affect ?

Answer 38

Postural strains in the spinal organ affect natural
immunity.