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The Orbit Flashcards

1
Q

What bones make up the outer rim of the orbit?

A

Zygomatic
Frontal
Maxilla

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2
Q

What bones help to form the inside of the orbit?

A

Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Frontal

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3
Q

What shape is the orbit?

A

Pyramidal

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4
Q

What makes up the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

Zygomatic
Sphenoid
Frontal

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5
Q

What makes up the medial wall of the orbit?

A

Ethmoid
Frontal
Lacrimal
Sphenoid

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6
Q

What makes up the roof of the orbit?

A

Frontal

Sphenoid

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7
Q

What makes up the floor of the orbit?

A

Maxilla
Zygomatic
Palatine

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8
Q

What is at the apex of the orbit?

A

Optic Canal

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9
Q

What is the palpebral fissure?

A

The space between the upper and lower eyelids

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10
Q

What are the seven layers of the palpebrae (eyelids) from most to least external?

A 
Skin
Subcutaneous Connective Tissue
Muscular Layer
Submuscular Layer
Tarsal Plate
Tarsal Glands
Palpebral Conjunctiva
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11
Q

Describe the symptoms of Horner’s Syndrome.

A

Ptosis
Miosis
Anhydrosis

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12
Q

Describe the flow of tears from the lacrimal gland.

A

Tears flow from the lacrimal gland to the medial canthus and where it can drain in the nasolacrimal duct into the nasal sinus

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13
Q

Which ganglion controls the lacrimal gland?

A

Pterygopalatine Ganglion

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14
Q

What nerves travel through the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Greater Petrosal and Deep Petrosal

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15
Q

What nerve synapses in the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Greater Petrosal.

Only the parasympathetic fibers synapse here.

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16
Q

What is the nerve pathway following the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

The nerves join with the maxillary nerve (V2) and branch off of the zygomatic nerve and branch off again onto the lacrimal nerve (branch of V1)

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17
Q

What muscles of the eye are inserted anteriorly to the equator of the eye?

A

All of the Rectus muscles

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18
Q

What muscles of the eye are inserted posterior to the equator of the eye?

A

Superior and Inferior Obliques

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19
Q

What muscles give the eyes a medial pull?

A

Superior and Inferior Rectus

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20
Q

What muscles originate from the annulus tendineus?

A

All of the Rectus muscles

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21
Q

What is the origin of the superior oblique?

A

Sphenoid

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22
Q

What is the origin of the inferior oblique?

A

Maxilla

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23
Q

What is the origin of the levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Sphenoid

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24
Q

What is the action of the superior rectus?

A

Elevates and adducts the eye

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25
What is the action of the inferior rectus?
Depresses and adducts the eye
26
What is the action of the lateral rectus?
Abducts the eye
27
What is the action of the medial rectus?
Adducts the eye
28
What is the action of the superior oblique?
Depresses and abducts the eye
29
What is the action of the inferior oblique?
Elevates and abducts the eye
30
What is the innervation of the lateral rectus?
CN VI Abducens
31
What is the innervation of the superior oblique?
CN IV Trochlear
32
What is the action of the levator palpebrae superioris?
Raises the upper eyelid
33
What is the innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris?
CN III Occulomotor
34
What are the three branches of the opthalmic nerve (CN V1)?
Nasociliary Nerve Frontal Nerve Lacrimal Nerve NFL
35
What are the two branches of the frontal nerve?
Supratrochlear | Supraorbital
36
What is the function of the ciliary ganglion?
Serves parasympathetic function of pupillary constriction used for light and to focus the eye on objects
37
Do sympathetic fibers pass through the ciliary ganglion? And if so, what is their function?
Yes, they pass through the ciliary ganglion but do not synapse there. They enter the eye via the long ciliary nerves and innervate the dilator pupillae muscle.
38
What is the opthalmic artery a branch off of?
Internal Carotid Artery
39
What is the function of short ciliary nerves?
They are the communicating branch to ciliary ganglion and carry the sensory fibers to the eye which exit the ganglia. They carry both sympathetics and parasympathetics.
40
What is the function of long ciliary nerves?
Innervate the eye by running directly to the back of the eyeball
41
Where does the maxillary nerve (V2) enter the orbit form?
Inferior Orbital Fissure
42
What are the 3 layers of the eye?
Sclera Choroid Retina
43
Describe the structure of the sclera.
It is the outer fibrous layer of the eye made of dense connective tissue
44
What are the main structures in the uveal (choroid) layer?
Ciliary Muscles Ciliary Process Canal of Schlemm
45
What is the function of ciliary muscles?
Controls the shape of the lens
46
What is the function of the ciliary process?
Produces aqueous humor
47
What is the function of the Canal of Schlemm?
Drains any excess aqueous humor
48
What keeps the cornea of the eye curved?
Pressure of the aqueous humor keeps it curved
49
What is the cause of glaucoma?
Blockage or defects in the drainage or the pumping of the aqueous humor
50
What is the main feature of the iris?
Iris is pigmented and gives color to the eye
51
What are the main structures in the iris?
Sphincter Pupillae | Dilator Pupillae
52
Sphincter Pupillae Innervation
Innervated by the parasympathetics through the ciliary ganglion via CN III
53
Dilator Pupillae Innervation
Innervated by the long ciliary nerves of the sympathetic nervous system
54
What happens to the lens with age?
The number of nuclei in the lens decreases with age, resulting in a decrease in elasticity of the lens which causes presbyopia
55
What are cataracts caused by?
Clouding of the lens
56
What is the postremal chamber?
It is the space behind the lens and makes up the posterior 5/6th of the eye and is filled with the vitreous humor to maintain the shape of the eye.
57
What is the retina?
It is the photosensitive neural layer, which transduces the energy of light into action potentials for the CNS to interpret. It occupies the posterior 4/5th of the eye.
58
What are the 10 layers of the retina?
``` Pigmented Epithelium Rods and Cones Outer Limiting Membrane Outer Nuclear Layer Outer Plexiform Layer Inner Nuclear Layer Inner Plexiform Layer Ganglion Cell Layer Optic Nerve Layer Inner Limiting Membrane ```
59
What is the ora serrata?
A scalloped line that marks the end of the neural retina just before the ciliary body
60
What is the fovea?
At the center of the visual axis a section where only cones are found where the most light is allowed in
61
What tissues of the embryo is the eye developed from?
Ectoderm and Endoderm
62
What are rods and what is their main function?
Rods are photoreceptors with long outer segments that have high sensitivity and are specialized for night vision with slow responses. It is monochromatic.
63
What are cones and what is their main function?
Cones are photoreceptors with cone-shaped outer segments that have low sensitivity and specialized for daylight vision and have fast responses. Cones are for color and are trichromatic.
64
Where do retinal detachments generally occur?
At the pigmented epithelium
65
What are Müller cells?
They are glial cells that serve as support for the neurons of the retina
66
What is the optic disc?
The area where the axons of the ganglion cells converge to form the optic nerve
67
Where is the blind spot of the eye?
It occurs at the optic disc because there are no photoreceptors there
68
What is the order of the layers of different types of cells in the retina NOT at the fovea? List in the order that light reaches each of these layers.
Ganglion Cells Interneurons Photoreceptors
69
What is papilledema?
Caused by increases in CSF pressure that push on the back of the optic disc and cause it to bulge with compressions of the retinal veins as a major factor
70
What is the lamina cribosa?
Perforations in the sclera where the optic nerve exits the eye from
71
What is the function of long ciliary nerves?
They are given off from the nasociliary nerve ands they provide sensory innervation to the eyeball as well as provide sympathetic innervation to the dilator pupillae
72
What is the nerve formed by the greater and deep petrosal nerves?
Vidian Nerve

Anatomy (41 decks)

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