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Anatomy > The Orbit > Flashcards

The Orbit Flashcards

1
Q

What bones make up the outer rim of the orbit?

A

Zygomatic
Frontal
Maxilla

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2
Q

What bones help to form the inside of the orbit?

A

Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Frontal

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3
Q

What shape is the orbit?

A

Pyramidal

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4
Q

What makes up the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

Zygomatic
Sphenoid
Frontal

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5
Q

What makes up the medial wall of the orbit?

A

Ethmoid
Frontal
Lacrimal
Sphenoid

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6
Q

What makes up the roof of the orbit?

A

Frontal

Sphenoid

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7
Q

What makes up the floor of the orbit?

A

Maxilla
Zygomatic
Palatine

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8
Q

What is at the apex of the orbit?

A

Optic Canal

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9
Q

What is the palpebral fissure?

A

The space between the upper and lower eyelids

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10
Q

What are the seven layers of the palpebrae (eyelids) from most to least external?

A 
Skin
Subcutaneous Connective Tissue
Muscular Layer
Submuscular Layer
Tarsal Plate
Tarsal Glands
Palpebral Conjunctiva
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11
Q

Describe the symptoms of Horner’s Syndrome.

A

Ptosis
Miosis
Anhydrosis

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12
Q

Describe the flow of tears from the lacrimal gland.

A

Tears flow from the lacrimal gland to the medial canthus and where it can drain in the nasolacrimal duct into the nasal sinus

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13
Q

Which ganglion controls the lacrimal gland?

A

Pterygopalatine Ganglion

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14
Q

What nerves travel through the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Greater Petrosal and Deep Petrosal

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15
Q

What nerve synapses in the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Greater Petrosal.

Only the parasympathetic fibers synapse here.

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16
Q

What is the nerve pathway following the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

The nerves join with the maxillary nerve (V2) and branch off of the zygomatic nerve and branch off again onto the lacrimal nerve (branch of V1)

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17
Q

What muscles of the eye are inserted anteriorly to the equator of the eye?

A

All of the Rectus muscles

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18
Q

What muscles of the eye are inserted posterior to the equator of the eye?

A

Superior and Inferior Obliques

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19
Q

What muscles give the eyes a medial pull?

A

Superior and Inferior Rectus

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20
Q

What muscles originate from the annulus tendineus?

A

All of the Rectus muscles

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21
Q

What is the origin of the superior oblique?

A

Sphenoid

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22
Q

What is the origin of the inferior oblique?

A

Maxilla

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23
Q

What is the origin of the levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Sphenoid

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24
Q

What is the action of the superior rectus?

A

Elevates and adducts the eye

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25
Q

What is the action of the inferior rectus?

A

Depresses and adducts the eye

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26
Q

What is the action of the lateral rectus?

A

Abducts the eye

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27
Q

What is the action of the medial rectus?

A

Adducts the eye

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28
Q

What is the action of the superior oblique?

A

Depresses and abducts the eye

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29
Q

What is the action of the inferior oblique?

A

Elevates and abducts the eye

30
Q

What is the innervation of the lateral rectus?

A

CN VI Abducens

31
Q

What is the innervation of the superior oblique?

A

CN IV Trochlear

32
Q

What is the action of the levator palpebrae superioris?

A

Raises the upper eyelid

33
Q

What is the innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris?

A

CN III Occulomotor

34
Q

What are the three branches of the opthalmic nerve (CN V1)?

A

Nasociliary Nerve
Frontal Nerve
Lacrimal Nerve

NFL

35
Q

What are the two branches of the frontal nerve?

A

Supratrochlear

Supraorbital

36
Q

What is the function of the ciliary ganglion?

A

Serves parasympathetic function of pupillary constriction used for light and to focus the eye on objects

37
Q

Do sympathetic fibers pass through the ciliary ganglion? And if so, what is their function?

A

Yes, they pass through the ciliary ganglion but do not synapse there. They enter the eye via the long ciliary nerves and innervate the dilator pupillae muscle.

38
Q

What is the opthalmic artery a branch off of?

A

Internal Carotid Artery

39
Q

What is the function of short ciliary nerves?

A

They are the communicating branch to ciliary ganglion and carry the sensory fibers to the eye which exit the ganglia. They carry both sympathetics and parasympathetics.

40
Q

What is the function of long ciliary nerves?

A

Innervate the eye by running directly to the back of the eyeball

41
Q

Where does the maxillary nerve (V2) enter the orbit form?

A

Inferior Orbital Fissure

42
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

Sclera
Choroid
Retina

43
Q

Describe the structure of the sclera.

A

It is the outer fibrous layer of the eye made of dense connective tissue

44
Q

What are the main structures in the uveal (choroid) layer?

A

Ciliary Muscles
Ciliary Process
Canal of Schlemm

45
Q

What is the function of ciliary muscles?

A

Controls the shape of the lens

46
Q

What is the function of the ciliary process?

A

Produces aqueous humor

47
Q

What is the function of the Canal of Schlemm?

A

Drains any excess aqueous humor

48
Q

What keeps the cornea of the eye curved?

A

Pressure of the aqueous humor keeps it curved

49
Q

What is the cause of glaucoma?

A

Blockage or defects in the drainage or the pumping of the aqueous humor

50
Q

What is the main feature of the iris?

A

Iris is pigmented and gives color to the eye

51
Q

What are the main structures in the iris?

A

Sphincter Pupillae

Dilator Pupillae

52
Q

Sphincter Pupillae Innervation

A

Innervated by the parasympathetics through the ciliary ganglion via CN III

53
Q

Dilator Pupillae Innervation

A

Innervated by the long ciliary nerves of the sympathetic nervous system

54
Q

What happens to the lens with age?

A

The number of nuclei in the lens decreases with age, resulting in a decrease in elasticity of the lens which causes presbyopia

55
Q

What are cataracts caused by?

A

Clouding of the lens

56
Q

What is the postremal chamber?

A

It is the space behind the lens and makes up the posterior 5/6th of the eye and is filled with the vitreous humor to maintain the shape of the eye.

57
Q

What is the retina?

A

It is the photosensitive neural layer, which transduces the energy of light into action potentials for the CNS to interpret. It occupies the posterior 4/5th of the eye.

58
Q

What are the 10 layers of the retina?

A 
Pigmented Epithelium
Rods and Cones
Outer Limiting Membrane
Outer Nuclear Layer
Outer Plexiform Layer
Inner Nuclear Layer
Inner Plexiform Layer
Ganglion Cell Layer
Optic Nerve Layer
Inner Limiting Membrane
59
Q

What is the ora serrata?

A

A scalloped line that marks the end of the neural retina just before the ciliary body

60
Q

What is the fovea?

A

At the center of the visual axis a section where only cones are found where the most light is allowed in

61
Q

What tissues of the embryo is the eye developed from?

A

Ectoderm and Endoderm

62
Q

What are rods and what is their main function?

A

Rods are photoreceptors with long outer segments that have high sensitivity and are specialized for night vision with slow responses. It is monochromatic.

63
Q

What are cones and what is their main function?

A

Cones are photoreceptors with cone-shaped outer segments that have low sensitivity and specialized for daylight vision and have fast responses. Cones are for color and are trichromatic.

64
Q

Where do retinal detachments generally occur?

A

At the pigmented epithelium

65
Q

What are Müller cells?

A

They are glial cells that serve as support for the neurons of the retina

66
Q

What is the optic disc?

A

The area where the axons of the ganglion cells converge to form the optic nerve

67
Q

Where is the blind spot of the eye?

A

It occurs at the optic disc because there are no photoreceptors there

68
Q

What is the order of the layers of different types of cells in the retina NOT at the fovea? List in the order that light reaches each of these layers.

A

Ganglion Cells
Interneurons
Photoreceptors

69
Q

What is papilledema?

A

Caused by increases in CSF pressure that push on the back of the optic disc and cause it to bulge with compressions of the retinal veins as a major factor

70
Q

What is the lamina cribosa?

A

Perforations in the sclera where the optic nerve exits the eye from

71
Q

What is the function of long ciliary nerves?

A

They are given off from the nasociliary nerve ands they provide sensory innervation to the eyeball as well as provide sympathetic innervation to the dilator pupillae

72
Q

What is the nerve formed by the greater and deep petrosal nerves?

A

Vidian Nerve

Anatomy (41 decks)

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