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Anatomy > Anatomy of the Heart > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

It is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the great vessels

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2
Q

If surgeons want to access the back of the heart, which side is best to enter from and why?

A

Left side through the oblique sinus because on the right side, they will run into the great vessels

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3
Q

What is the superior boundary of the middle mediastinum?

A

Sternal Angle and T4/T5

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4
Q

<p>What is the inferior boundary of the middle mediastinum?</p>

A

<p>Xiphoid Process and T9</p>

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5
Q

What is the right lateral boundary of the middle mediastinum?

A

Along the sternal border

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6
Q

What is the left lateral boundary of the middle mediastinum?

A

5th intercostal space on the mid-axillary line

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7
Q

What are the two (technically 3) layers of the pericardium?

A 
Epicardium (Visceral Layer)
Parietal Layer (composed of 2 layers)
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8
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

It is a serous epithelium that is closely applied to the heart for lubrication of the heart.

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9
Q

What is the parietal layer of the pericardium?

A

It is the serous epithelium that is continuous with the visceral layer and a thick fibrous layer that is continuous with the adventitia of the great vessels entering and leaving the heart.

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10
Q

What is the transverse sinus?

A

It lies above the entry of the 4 pulmonary veins

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11
Q

What is the oblique sinus?

A

It is larger than the transverse sinus and it is below the pericardial reflection between the pulmonary veins

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12
Q

Describe the circulation of blood in the heart.

A
  1. Blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava
  2. It moves through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
  3. It goes from the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk
  4. After going through the lungs it returns on the pulmonary veins into the left atrium
  5. It then goes through the mitral valve (bicuspid) into the left ventricle
  6. The left ventricle pumps the blood out through the aortic semilunar valve to the rest of the body via the ascending aorta
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13
Q

What are semilunar valves?

A

They prevent back flow of blood into the ventricles

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14
Q

What is a unique feature of the superior vena cava?

A

It has no valves that separate it from the atrium, allowing blood to flow directly in by the force of gravity

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15
Q

What is the moderator band (septomarginal band)?

A

It is found in the right ventricle and it is important in conducting and facilitating the contractions of the heart. It carries part of the right bundle branch of the AV bundle of the conduction system of the heart to the anterior papillary muscle.

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16
Q

What is a part of the heart that is the source of a lot of murmurs?

A

Bicuspid Valve

17
Q

What are trabeculae carneae?

A

They are rounded or irregular muscular columns found in the left and right ventricles of the heart

18
Q

What are pectinate muscles?

A

They are rough muscles found mostly in the right atrium, with few in the left atrium, are not to be confused with the trabeculae carneae.

19
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

They are located in the ventricles of the heart and they attach to the atrioventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid) in order to prevent to inversion of the valves.

20
Q

What are chord tendinae?

A

They are cord-like tendons in the ventricles of the heart that attach the papillary muscles to the valves to prevent the inversion of the valves.

21
Q

What are the arterial branches of the left coronary artery?

A

Left Anterior Descending Artery
Circumflex Artery
Left Marginal Artery

22
Q

What are the arterial branches of the right coronary artery?

A

Right Marginal Artery

Right Posterior Descending Artery

23
Q

What artery is referred to as the Widow maker?

A

Left Anterior Descending Artery because any occlusion here is likely to lead to an aggressive heart attack and sudden death

24
Q

What are the main veins of the heart?

A

Great Cardiac Vein
Middle Cardiac Vein
Cardiac Sinus
Small Cardiac Vein

25
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the heart?

A

The vagus nerve. It functions to decrease heart rate.

26
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the heart?

A

Post-ganglionic fibers from T1-T5 provide the sympathetic supply and increases the heart rate.

Heart attacks have radiating pain to the arm because of the T1 dermatome being a part of the upper arm

27
Q

What is the intrinsic innervation of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial Node (SA) - pacemaker of the heart

Atrioventricular Node (AV) - receives impulses from the heart and it conveys impulses through the bundle of His with the moderator band

28
Q

What is the projection site of the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

2nd costo-sternal junction on the left

29
Q

What is the projection site of the aortic semilunar valve?

A

3rd costo-sternal junction on the left

30
Q

What is the projection site of the bicuspid valve?

A

3rd intercostal space to the left of the sternum

31
Q

What is the projection site of the tricuspid valve?

A

Behind sternum at 4th rib

32
Q

What is the auscultation site of the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

2nd intercostal space to the left of sternum

33
Q

What is the auscultation site of the aortic semilunar valve?

A

2nd intercostal space to the right of sternum

34
Q

What is the auscultation site of the bicuspid valve?

A

5th intercostal space on the left at the mid-clavicular line (below the left nipple - 4th intercostal space)

35
Q

What is the auscultation site of the tricuspid valve?

A

5th intercostal space to the left of sternum

36
Q

What are the 3 main structures that pass through the diaphragm and where are they located?

A

Inferior Vena Cava - T8
Esophagus - T10
Aortic - T12

I 8 10 Eggs At 12

37
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

It is a small ligament attached to the superior surface of the left pulmonary artery and the proximal descending aorta.

38
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus and what does it become?

A

In the fetus, it is a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta, causing the blood to bypass the non-functional lungs.

After birth, it becomes the ligamentum arteriosus.

Anatomy (41 decks)

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