Perineum

Question 1

Describe the boundaries of the anal triangle.

Answer 1

Below the pelvic diaphragm, it is the posterior component if a line is drawn across from the ischial tuberosities

Question 2

What is the pectinate line?

Answer 2

It divides the lower third and upper two-thirds of the anal canal

Question 3

Describe the arterial supply of the anal canal.

Answer 3

Above the pectinate line: Superior Rectal Artery

Below the pectinate line: Inferior Rectal Artery

Question 4

Describe the venous drainage of the anal canal.

Answer 4

Above the pectinate line: Superior Rectal Vein

Below the pectinate line: Inferior Rectal Vein

Question 5

Describe the innervation of the anal canal.

Answer 5

Somatic: Inferior Rectal Nerve

Autonomic: Inferior Hypogastric Plexus

Question 6

External Anal Sphincter Innervation

Answer 6

Inferior Rectal Branch of Pudendal Nerve (S2-S4)

Question 7

Internal Anal Sphincter Innervation

Answer 7

Inferior Hypogastric Plexus (smooth muscle)

Question 8

What is the ischiorectoral fossa?

Answer 8

It is a fat filled space lateral to the anal triangle which is used as dead space for the anus to expand

Question 9

What is the other name for the pudendal canal?

Answer 9

Alcock Canal

Question 10

What are the boundaries of the pudendal canal?

Answer 10

It is formed by the fascia of the obturator internus

Question 11

What does the pudendal canal connect?

Answer 11

It connects the lesser sciatic foramen to the posterior perineal membrane

Question 12

What is the perineal body?

Answer 12

It lies at the front of the anal canal, and it is composed of interdigitating fibers of puboprostaticus/pubovaginalis, superficial external anal sphincter, and transverses perinea muscles.

Question 13

What runs through the pudendal canal?

Answer 13

Pudendal Nerve
Internal Pudendal Artery
Internal Pudendal Nerve

Question 14

What are the branches of the pudendal nerve?

Answer 14

Inferior Rectal Nerve
Perineal Nerve
Dorsal Nerve to Penis/Clitoris

Question 15

What are the contributions of the pudendal nerve?

Answer 15

S2, S3 and S4

S2, 3 , 4 keeps the junk off the floor

Question 16

What are the contributions of the sciatic nerve?

Answer 16

L4, L5, S1, S2 and S3

Question 17

What is the significance of the pectinate line?

Answer 17

It marks the transition from the rectum to the anal canal

Question 18

What is the recto-uterine pouch and what is its significance?

Answer 18

In females, the recto-uterine pouch is the lowest point of the peritoneal cavity and it is important because it is a site where infection and fluids can collect.

Question 19

What are the other terms used for fallopian tube?

Answer 19

Oviduct

Uterine Tube

Question 20

What does Scarpa’s fascia continue as in the perineum?

Answer 20

Colles’ Fascia

Question 21

What two nerves the pudendal nerve divide into at the end of the anal triangle?

Answer 21

Perineal Nerve and the Dorsal Nerve of the Penis/Clitoris

Question 22

What are the main branches of the internal pudendal artery?

Answer 22

Inferior Rectal Artery
Perineal Artery
Dorsal Artery of Penis/Clitoris

Question 23

Where does the perineal artery come off of the pudendal artery?

Answer 23

It gives this branch off to the superior pouch and then continues to the deep pouch

Question 24

What is the perineal membrane also known as?

Answer 24

Inferior Fascia of the Urogenital Diaphragm

Question 25

Describe the general structure of the urogenital triangle?

Answer 25

It can be described as a sandwich of the perineal membrane with the superficial perineal pouch above it, and the deep perineal pouch below it.

Question 26

What are the main structures in the superficial perineal pouch?

Answer 26

Roots of the Penis/Clitoris | Muscles

Question 27

What do the roots of the penis/clitoris comprise of?

Answer 27

Bulb: Posterior Part of the Corpus Spongiosum Crura: Posterior Part of the Corpora Cavernosa

Question 28

What are the muscles of the superficial perineal pouch?

Answer 28

Ischiocavernosus Muscle Bulbospongiosus Muscle Superficial Transverse Perineal Muscle

Question 29

What is the action and innervation of the ischiocavernosus muscle?

Answer 29

It attaches to ischiopubic rami and surrounding the crura and contracts to compress venous outflow of penis. It is innervated by the perineal branch of the pudendal nerve.

Question 30

What is the action and innervation of the bulbospongiosus muscle?

Answer 30

It surrounds the bulb, it acts to expel any remaining urine or semen in the urethra It is innervated by the perineal branch of the pudendal nerve.

Question 31

What is the innervation of the superior transverse perineal muscle?

Answer 31

It is innervated by the perineal branch of the pudendal nerve.

Question 32

What is the main difference between the female and male urogenital triangle?

Answer 32

The female UG triangle has the bulb and the bulbospongiosus muscle split in two by the vagina

Question 33

What is the main nerve and blood supply of the superficial perineal pouch?

Answer 33

Perineal Nerve and Artery

Question 34

Describe the location of the deep perineal pouch.

Answer 34

It is the space between the perineal membrane and the deep fascia of the levator ani

Question 35

What structure that is only present in males lies in the deep pouch?

Answer 35

Bulbourethral Glands

Question 36

What are the bulbourethral glands also known as?

Answer 36

Cowper's Glands

Question 37

What is the function of Cowper's glands?

Answer 37

They produce pre-ejaculate

Question 38

What are the contents of the deep pouch?

Answer 38

Membranous Urethra - intermediate urethral component Sphincter Urethra Muscle Deep Transverse Perineal Muscle Bulbourethral Glands (males)

Question 39

What innervates the muscles of the deep pouch?

Answer 39

Perineal Nerve (branch from the superficial pouch)

Question 40

What is the blood supply of the deep pouch?

Answer 40

Internal Pudendal Artery

Question 41

What are the branches of the internal pudendal artery in the deep pouch and what do they supply?

Answer 41

Muscular Branches: muscles Artery to the Bulb: bulb Deep Artery: coropora cavernosa Dorsal Artery: penis/clitoris

Question 42

Where do the vestibular glands lie in the female?

Answer 42

Superficial Pouch