The Foot

Question 1

What are some of the main bones of the foot?

Answer 1

Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiform Bones (Medial/Intermediate/Lateral)
Calcaneus (heel)
Metatarsals
Talus (ankle)

Question 2

What are the dermatomes of the lower extremity?

Answer 2

L4 - medial
L5 - midline
S1 - lateral

Question 3

What is the main action of the anterior leg?

Answer 3

Dorsiflexion of the foot and extension of the toes.

Question 4

What is the main action of the lateral leg?

Answer 4

Eversion of the foot

Question 5

What is the main postural muscle in the leg?

Answer 5

Soleus

Question 6

What is the main strength muscle in the leg?

Answer 6

Gastrocnemius

Question 7

What is the main action of the posterior leg?

Answer 7

Plantar flexion, inversion of foot and flexion of toes.

Question 8

What is a long tendinous muscle that may be mistaken for a nerve in the superficial leg?

Answer 8

Plantaris

Question 9

What muscles in the forearm is the plantaris analogous to?

Answer 9

Palamaris Longus

Question 10

What are the superficial muscles of the posterior leg?

Answer 10

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

Question 11

What are the deep muscles of the posterior leg?

Answer 11

Tibialis Posterior
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Popliteus

Question 12

What cutaneous innervation does the superficial fibular nerve provide?

Answer 12

Most of the dorsum of the foot except for the tips of the toes.

Question 13

What cutaneous innervation does the deep fibular nerve provide?

Answer 13

Sensory of a small portion between the 1st and 2nd toes

Question 14

What cutaneous innervation does the medial plantar nerve provide?

Answer 14

The tips of the first 3 and 1/2 toes

Question 15

What cutaneous innervation does the lateral plantar nerve provide?

Answer 15

The tips of the latter 1 and 1/2 toes

Question 16

What covers the sole of the foot?

Answer 16

Plantar Aponeurosis

Question 17

What is the plantar reflex?

Answer 17

Causes toes to flex as something rubs across the sole of the foot

Question 18

What is in the first layer of the plantar surface of the foot?

Answer 18

Abductor Hallucis
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Abductor Digiti Minimi

AFA

Question 19

What is in the second layer of the plantar surface of the foot?

Answer 19

Quadratus Plantae
Lumbricals

Tendon of Flexor Digitorum Longus
Tendon of Flexor Hallucis Longus

2 muscles + 2 tendons

Question 20

What is in the third layer of the plantar surface of the foot?

Answer 20

Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Adducor Hallucis
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis

FAF

Question 21

What is in the fourth layer of the plantar surface of the foot?

Answer 21

Plantar Interossei
Dorsal Interossei

Tendon of Fibularis Longus
Tendon of Tibialis Posterior

2 muscles + 2 tendons

Question 22

Where is the plane for adduction/abduction in the foot?

Answer 22

On the 2nd digit

Question 23

What are some signs of femoral nerve injury?

Answer 23

wasting of anterior thigh
leg drop (inability to extend leg when thigh is flexed)
weakness in thigh flexion
sensory loss anterior thigh and medial leg/foot

Question 24

What are some signs of obturator nerve injury?

Answer 24

wasting of medial thigh
loss of thigh adduction
sensory loss upper medial thigh

Question 25

What are some signs of superior gluteal nerve injury?

Answer 25

``` Trendelenburg sign (pelvis tilts down on side opposite injury) no sensory loss ```

Question 26

What are some signs of inferior gluteal nerve injury?

Answer 26

wasting of buttock weakness in thigh extension no sensory loss

Question 27

What are some signs of sciatic nerve injury?

Answer 27

wasting of all hamstrings and muscles of leg and foot | sensory loss to back of thigh and leg, lateral leg and plantar foot

Question 28

What are some signs of common fibular nerve injury?

Answer 28

foot-drop and loss of toe extension | sensory loss lateral leg and dorsum of foot

Question 29

What are some signs of tibial nerve injury?

Answer 29

``` loss of foot and toe flexion loss of foot inversion wasting of calf muscles sensory loss on sole of foot and tips of toes  ```

Question 30

What muscles does the deep fibular nerve innervate?

Answer 30

Extensor Digitorum Brevis | Extensor Hallucis Brevis

Question 31

What muscles does the medial plantar nerve innervate?

Answer 31

1st medial lumbrical Abductor Hallucis Flexor Digitorum Brevis Flexor Hallucis Brevis LAFF

Question 32

What are the main arteries of the leg?

Answer 32

Anterior and Posterior Tibial Arteries (branches of the popliteal artery)

Question 33

Describe the pathway of the anterior tibial artery.

Answer 33

It becomes the dorsalis pedis artery at the talus. It then eventually becomes the dorsal arch in the foot. (superficial arch) It also gives off the medial and tarsal arteries.

Question 34

Describe the pathway of the posterior tibial artery.

Answer 34

It branches into the medial and lateral plantar arteries.

Question 35

What does the medial plantar artery supply?

Answer 35

It courses medially in foot towards hallucis

Question 36

What does the lateral plantar artery supply?

Answer 36

It courses laterally distal to calcaneus to form the plantar arch. (deep) Its terminal branch anastamoses with the dorsal arch between the 1st and 2nd metatarsals.

Question 37

Name the structures anterior to the lateral malleolus.

Answer 37

``` Tibialis anterior. extensor Hallucis longus. anterior tibial artery and vein (Vessels) deep peroneal Nerve. extensor Digitorum longus. Peroneus tertius. ``` Tom Has Very Nice Dogs and Pigs

Question 38

Name the structures posterior to the medial malleolus.

Answer 38

``` Tibialis posterior flexor Digitorum longus posterior tibial Vessels tibial Nerve flexor Hallucis longus ``` Tom Dons Very Nice Hats

Question 39

Describe the superior extensor retinaculum.

Answer 39

Medially attaches to anterior tibia, laterally to anterior fibula, proximal to the malleoli. Binds down the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius muscles.

Question 40

Describe the inferior extensor retinaculum.

Answer 40

Y shaped band; the base of the Y attaches to the lateral calcaneous and the proximal band attaches to the medial malleolus and the distal band blends with the plantar aponeurosis on the medial side; forms a strong loop around the fibularis tertius and extensor digitorum longus muslces.

Question 41

Where does the medial malleolus form?

Answer 41

The lower extremity of the tibia

Question 42

Where does the lateral malleolus form?

Answer 42

The lower extremity of the fibula

Question 43

Describe the flexor retinaculum.

Answer 43

Extends from the tip of the medial malleolus to the medial process of the calcaneous; binds tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus muscles.

Question 44

What do the attachments of the tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis all form?

Answer 44

Calcaneous Tendon (Achilles)

Question 45

What muscle has a tendon that wraps around the lateral side of the foot and almost goes all the way up to the big toe?

Answer 45

Fibularis Longus