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The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Foreign substance that induces an immune response by the host resulting in antibody production

A

Immunogen/antigen

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2
Q

Antigen that belongs to the host

A

Autoantigen

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3
Q

Antigen from the same species as host (but not host)

A

Alloantigen

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4
Q

Antigen size has what effect on immunogenicity

A

Bigger antigen = better immune response

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5
Q

What chemical composition makes up the better antigen?

A

Proteins and polysaccharides

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6
Q

Why are carbohydrates less immunogenic than proteins and polysaccharides?

A

Smaller

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7
Q

Antigenic determinant site

A

Epitope

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8
Q

Key portion of an antigen that is involved in immune response

A

Epitope

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9
Q

Small molecule that when combined with larger carrier protein can be antigenic

A

Hapten

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10
Q

Function of immune system

A

Recognize self from non-self

Defend body against non-self

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11
Q

2 lines of immune defense

A

Natural/innate

Specific/adaptive

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12
Q

Which immune response presents first?

A

Natural

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13
Q

First line of defense against foreign antigen

A

External natural defense

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14
Q

Does natural/innate immunity require prior exposure?

A

No

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15
Q

Does natural immunity have memory?

A

No

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16
Q

Does natural immunity recognize foreign antigenic structure

A

No

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17
Q

What is the second line of defense in immunity?

A

Internal natural defense

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18
Q

Which type of defense consists of cellular, humoral, and inflammatory elements?

A

Internal natural defense

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19
Q

When is internal natural defense triggered?

A

When foreign agent penetrates external barriers and enters the body

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20
Q

Most important function of internal natural defense

A

Phagocytosis

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21
Q

Cellular component of internal natural defense

A

White blood cells

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22
Q

First cells to respond in innate immunity

A

Neutrophils

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23
Q

Humoral component of innate immunity

A

Complement activation and other soluble molecules

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24
Q

Chemical messengers that cause phagocytes cells to move outside of blood stream, into tissues, and to the site of invasion

A

Chemotaxins/chemokines

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25
Q

Serum proteins (C3b, CRP, antibodies) that attach to foreign particle making it more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells

A

Opsonins

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26
Q

Molecule secreted by phagocytic cells that activates adhesion molecules on endothelial cells allowing for accumulation of more neutrophils to the site

A

Cytokines

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27
Q

Function of interferon type 1

A

Activate natural killer cells

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28
Q

Function of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6

A

Pro-inflammatory mediators that initiate inflammation; link between innate and adaptive responses

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29
Q

What happens when alternate pathway of complement cascade is activated?

A

Complement adheres to foreign cells, causing cell lysis
C3a and C5a trigger degranulation of basophils and mast cells, releasing histamines which activates inflammatory response

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30
Q

Major function of inflammation

A

Heal and generate homeostasis

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31
Q

Mediators involved in inflammatory response within 72 hours after infection

A 
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Complement
Fibrinogen
C-reactive protein
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32
Q

Physiologic effects of inflammatory response

A

Dilation of blood vessels
Increased vascular permeability and diapedesis of WBCs
Increased in CRP
Complement activation

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33
Q

Action of ___ produces main clinical symptoms of inflammation

A

Cytokines

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34
Q

What causes fever in inflammation

A

Increase in TNF

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35
Q

Components of specific immunity

A

Lymphoid tissue and organs
Lymphocytes
Antibodies
Memory

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36
Q

Immune response triggered by primary or secondary exposure

A

Specific/acquired/adaptive

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37
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

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38
Q

Main source of hematopoietic cells

A

Bone marrow

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39
Q

Site of B lymphocyte differentiation

A

Bone marrow

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40
Q

Organ filled with epithelial cells that help in differentiation and maturation process of T lymphocytes

A

thymus

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41
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Tonsils, appendix, Peyer’s patches, MALT, GALT

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42
Q

Major function of spleen

A

Filter out old and damaged cells and foreign antigens carried by peripheral blood

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43
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

Filter fluid from tissues

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44
Q

Lymphatic fluid consists of?

A

Fluids and low-molecular weight solutes that pass out of the blood vessel walls into the lymphatic vessels

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45
Q

Site where B cells transform into plasma cells and memory cells

A

Lymph nodes

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46
Q

Cellular components of specific immunity

A

B and T cells

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47
Q

Naive B cells only express what antibody class on cell surface

A

IgM

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48
Q

When does a B cell produce antibody?

A

After being activated by T cells. B cell divides and differentiates into plasma cell that secretes antibodies

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49
Q

Effector cells that serve regulatory role in immune response

A

T cells

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50
Q

Which cell constantly circulates back and forth between bloodstream and secondary lymphoid organs looking for antigen presenting cells displaying foreign antigens?

51
Q

Which lymphocyte produces most of the cytokines involved in immune response

52
Q

CD2 marker

A

All T cells

53
Q

CD3 marker

A

All mature T cells

54
Q

CD4 marker

A

Helper T cells

55
Q

CD8 marker

A

Killer T cells

56
Q

B cell markers

A

CD19
CD20
CD21
CD22

57
Q

Mature B cell marker

58
Q

CD33 and CD34 markers

A

Stem cells

59
Q

CD55 marker

A

Red cell DAF (Cramer) - complement regulator

60
Q

CD59 marker

A

Inhibits complement C9

61
Q

Normal CD4:CD8 ratio

62
Q

Chemical messengers produced by cells that affect the function of activity of other cells and are responsible for cellular cooperation of immune response

63
Q

Cytokines produced by antigen-stimulated T Cells

A

Lymphokines

64
Q

Cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages

65
Q

Lymphokine that promotes cell growth and activation for many cells that produce cytotoxic agents

A

Interleukin

66
Q

Cytokines that stimulates activated T cell growth

A

Interleukin-2

67
Q

Cytokines that stimulate B cell growth

A

Interleukin-4

68
Q

Antiviral cytokine produced rapidly in response to viral infection

A

Interferon

69
Q

Cytokine produced by T cells that functions to kill tumor cells, inhibits parasites, and is a major defense against viral infections

A

Tumor necrosis factor

70
Q

Cytokines that function to regulate monocyte and Granulocyte production; may be used to stimulate patient cell production

A

Growth factors

71
Q

Antibodies are part of which immune response

A

Specific - humoral

72
Q

Antibody structure

A

2 heavy chains
2 light chains
Constant region (Fc)
Variable region (Fab)

73
Q

Which part of antibody structure determines antibody class?

A

2 heavy chains

74
Q

Which antibody structure component is responsible for binding to Fc receptor on effector cells to amplify inflammatory response to increase opsonization?

75
Q

Which antibody component is the area of complement fixation which aids in antigen removal?

76
Q

Which antigen component recognizes antigen and is region that binds antigen?

A

Fab domain

77
Q

Functions of antibodies

A

For ag-ab complexes that are removed by liver or spleen
Neutralize bacterial toxins
Enhance opsonization of antigen to promote phagocytosis
Activate complement resulting in viral cell lysis and complement fragments that promote phagocytosis through opsonization

78
Q

Largest antibody isotype

79
Q

Only antibody isotype produced in utero

80
Q

First antibody to be produced after antigen exposure in both primary and secondary response

81
Q

Functions of IgM

A

Complement fixation

Neutralization of toxins

82
Q

Antibody isotype that is pentamer

83
Q

Only antibody that can cross placenta

84
Q

Which IgG subclasses can activate complement

85
Q

Functions of IgG

A

Opsonization

Neutralization of toxins and viruses

86
Q

Antibody associated with memory response

87
Q

Antibody associated with acute infection

88
Q

Antibody responsible for type I immediate hypersensitivity reactions

89
Q

Antibody that causes degranulation of mast cells with release of histamine

90
Q

Function of IgE

A

Help defend against parasitic infections

Activate mast cells

91
Q

Antibody found exclusively on membrane surface of un-stimulated B cells

92
Q

Functions of IgD

A

Regulate cell’s activation

May be involved in feedback mechanism to switch off B cells

93
Q

Antibody that can be a monomer but is more often a dimer

94
Q

Function of IgA

A

Patrol mucosal surfaces

Acts as first line of defense; primary defense against ingested or inhaled antigens

95
Q

Time of exposure to induction of antibody response

96
Q

Type of immunity in which individual becomes immunized by actually mounting an immune response to stimulating antigen

A

Active immunity/long term immunity

97
Q

Type of immunity that occurs when IgG antibodies travel across the placenta from mother to infant

A

Passive immunity/short term immunity

98
Q

Advantage of passive immunity

A

Antibody is preformed and given to recipient, antibody available more quickly

99
Q

Site of production of complement proteins

100
Q

Functions of complement

A

Cell lysis

101
Q

2 complement system pathways

A

Classical

Alternate

102
Q

Both complement activation pathways end at what protein

A

Membrane attack complex

103
Q

Classical complement pathway triggered by?

A

Antigen-antibody complexes

104
Q

Why is IgM antibody-antigen complex most effective to activate complement?

A

Multiple antigen binding sites so it only takes one molecule

105
Q

Which IgG class is more effective at activating complement?

A

IgG3, then IgG1 and IgG2

106
Q

Complement recognition unit C1 fragments

A

C1q, C1r, C1s

107
Q

3 complement activation attack units

A

Recognition unit C1
Activation unit
Membrane attack complex C5-C9

108
Q

Complement activation unit fragments

A

C4, C2, C3

109
Q

Membrane attack complex fragments

110
Q

Complement activation pathway independent of antibodies; directly activated by polysaccharides or lipopolysaccharides found on surfaces of many microorganisms and tumor cells

A

Alternate pathway

111
Q

Recognition and activation component of alternate pathway

112
Q

Function of MHC

A

Antigen recognition

Antigen presentation

113
Q

Components of innate/natural humoral response

A

IgA
Cytokines
Opsins
Complement components (alternate pathway)

114
Q

Components of adaptive/specific humoral response

A

IgM
IgG
Cytokines
Classical pathway

115
Q

Molecules that bind foreign antigen within cells and transport them to the cell membrane where they can be recognized by T cells

A

MHC molecules

116
Q

MHC molecule responsible for intracellular antigen processing

A

MHC class I

117
Q

MHC molecule that binds antigens that have been synthesized within the cell such as viral proteins, tumor cells, and some intracellular parasitic antigens

A

MHC class I

118
Q

MHC molecule that presents antigen to cytotoxic T cells

A

MHC Class I

119
Q

MHC molecule only found on antigen presenting cells (mature B cells, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells)

A

MHC class II

120
Q

MHC molecule that binds exogenous antigens that have been taken into the cell from the outside

A

MHC class II

121
Q

MHC molecules that present antigen to T helper cells

A

MHC class II

122
Q

MHC molecule associated with cell mediated immunity

A

Class I MHC

123
Q

MHC molecule associated with humoral response mechanism

A

MHC class II

CCHS SBB (40 decks)

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