The Immune System Flashcards
1
Q
Foreign substance that induces an immune response by the host resulting in antibody production
A
Immunogen/antigen
2
Q
Antigen that belongs to the host
A
Autoantigen
3
Q
Antigen from the same species as host (but not host)
A
Alloantigen
4
Q
Antigen size has what effect on immunogenicity
A
Bigger antigen = better immune response
5
Q
What chemical composition makes up the better antigen?
A
Proteins and polysaccharides
6
Q
Why are carbohydrates less immunogenic than proteins and polysaccharides?
A
Smaller
7
Q
Antigenic determinant site
A
Epitope
8
Q
Key portion of an antigen that is involved in immune response
A
Epitope
9
Q
Small molecule that when combined with larger carrier protein can be antigenic
A
Hapten
10
Q
Function of immune system
A
Recognize self from non-self
Defend body against non-self
11
Q
2 lines of immune defense
A
Natural/innate
Specific/adaptive
12
Q
Which immune response presents first?
A
Natural
13
Q
First line of defense against foreign antigen
A
External natural defense
14
Q
Does natural/innate immunity require prior exposure?
A
No
15
Q
Does natural immunity have memory?
A
No
16
Q
Does natural immunity recognize foreign antigenic structure
A
No
17
Q
What is the second line of defense in immunity?
A
Internal natural defense
18
Q
Which type of defense consists of cellular, humoral, and inflammatory elements?
A
Internal natural defense
19
Q
When is internal natural defense triggered?
A
When foreign agent penetrates external barriers and enters the body
20
Q
Most important function of internal natural defense
A
Phagocytosis
21
Q
Cellular component of internal natural defense
A
White blood cells
22
Q
First cells to respond in innate immunity
A
Neutrophils
23
Q
Humoral component of innate immunity
A
Complement activation and other soluble molecules
24
Q
Chemical messengers that cause phagocytes cells to move outside of blood stream, into tissues, and to the site of invasion
A
Chemotaxins/chemokines
25
Serum proteins (C3b, CRP, antibodies) that attach to foreign particle making it more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells
Opsonins
26
Molecule secreted by phagocytic cells that activates adhesion molecules on endothelial cells allowing for accumulation of more neutrophils to the site
Cytokines
27
Function of interferon type 1
Activate natural killer cells
28
Function of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6
Pro-inflammatory mediators that initiate inflammation; link between innate and adaptive responses
29
What happens when alternate pathway of complement cascade is activated?
Complement adheres to foreign cells, causing cell lysis
C3a and C5a trigger degranulation of basophils and mast cells, releasing histamines which activates inflammatory response
30
Major function of inflammation
Heal and generate homeostasis
31
Mediators involved in inflammatory response within 72 hours after infection
```
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Complement
Fibrinogen
C-reactive protein
```
32
Physiologic effects of inflammatory response
Dilation of blood vessels
Increased vascular permeability and diapedesis of WBCs
Increased in CRP
Complement activation
33
Action of ___ produces main clinical symptoms of inflammation
Cytokines
34
What causes fever in inflammation
Increase in TNF
35
Components of specific immunity
Lymphoid tissue and organs
Lymphocytes
Antibodies
Memory
36
Immune response triggered by primary or secondary exposure
Specific/acquired/adaptive
37
Primary lymphoid organs
Bone marrow
| Thymus
38
Main source of hematopoietic cells
Bone marrow
39
Site of B lymphocyte differentiation
Bone marrow
40
Organ filled with epithelial cells that help in differentiation and maturation process of T lymphocytes
thymus
41
Secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Tonsils, appendix, Peyer’s patches, MALT, GALT
42
Major function of spleen
Filter out old and damaged cells and foreign antigens carried by peripheral blood
43
Function of lymph nodes
Filter fluid from tissues
44
Lymphatic fluid consists of?
Fluids and low-molecular weight solutes that pass out of the blood vessel walls into the lymphatic vessels
45
Site where B cells transform into plasma cells and memory cells
Lymph nodes
46
Cellular components of specific immunity
B and T cells
47
Naive B cells only express what antibody class on cell surface
IgM
48
When does a B cell produce antibody?
After being activated by T cells. B cell divides and differentiates into plasma cell that secretes antibodies
49
Effector cells that serve regulatory role in immune response
T cells
50
Which cell constantly circulates back and forth between bloodstream and secondary lymphoid organs looking for antigen presenting cells displaying foreign antigens?
T cells
51
Which lymphocyte produces most of the cytokines involved in immune response
T cell
52
CD2 marker
All T cells
53
CD3 marker
All mature T cells
54
CD4 marker
Helper T cells
55
CD8 marker
Killer T cells
56
B cell markers
CD19
CD20
CD21
CD22
57
Mature B cell marker
CD20
58
CD33 and CD34 markers
Stem cells
59
CD55 marker
Red cell DAF (Cramer) - complement regulator
60
CD59 marker
Inhibits complement C9
61
Normal CD4:CD8 ratio
2:1
62
Chemical messengers produced by cells that affect the function of activity of other cells and are responsible for cellular cooperation of immune response
Cytokines
63
Cytokines produced by antigen-stimulated T Cells
Lymphokines
64
Cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages
Monokine
65
Lymphokine that promotes cell growth and activation for many cells that produce cytotoxic agents
Interleukin
66
Cytokines that stimulates activated T cell growth
Interleukin-2
67
Cytokines that stimulate B cell growth
Interleukin-4
68
Antiviral cytokine produced rapidly in response to viral infection
Interferon
69
Cytokine produced by T cells that functions to kill tumor cells, inhibits parasites, and is a major defense against viral infections
Tumor necrosis factor
70
Cytokines that function to regulate monocyte and Granulocyte production; may be used to stimulate patient cell production
Growth factors
71
Antibodies are part of which immune response
Specific - humoral
72
Antibody structure
2 heavy chains
2 light chains
Constant region (Fc)
Variable region (Fab)
73
Which part of antibody structure determines antibody class?
2 heavy chains
74
Which antibody structure component is responsible for binding to Fc receptor on effector cells to amplify inflammatory response to increase opsonization?
Fc domain
75
Which antibody component is the area of complement fixation which aids in antigen removal?
Fc domain
76
Which antigen component recognizes antigen and is region that binds antigen?
Fab domain
77
Functions of antibodies
For ag-ab complexes that are removed by liver or spleen
Neutralize bacterial toxins
Enhance opsonization of antigen to promote phagocytosis
Activate complement resulting in viral cell lysis and complement fragments that promote phagocytosis through opsonization
78
Largest antibody isotype
IgM
79
Only antibody isotype produced in utero
IgM
80
First antibody to be produced after antigen exposure in both primary and secondary response
IgM
81
Functions of IgM
Complement fixation
| Neutralization of toxins
82
Antibody isotype that is pentamer
IgM
83
Only antibody that can cross placenta
IgG
84
Which IgG subclasses can activate complement
1, 2, 3
85
Functions of IgG
Opsonization
| Neutralization of toxins and viruses
86
Antibody associated with memory response
IgG
87
Antibody associated with acute infection
IgM
88
Antibody responsible for type I immediate hypersensitivity reactions
IgE
89
Antibody that causes degranulation of mast cells with release of histamine
IgE
90
Function of IgE
Help defend against parasitic infections
| Activate mast cells
91
Antibody found exclusively on membrane surface of un-stimulated B cells
IgD
92
Functions of IgD
Regulate cell’s activation
| May be involved in feedback mechanism to switch off B cells
93
Antibody that can be a monomer but is more often a dimer
IgA
94
Function of IgA
Patrol mucosal surfaces
| Acts as first line of defense; primary defense against ingested or inhaled antigens
95
Time of exposure to induction of antibody response
Lag phase
96
Type of immunity in which individual becomes immunized by actually mounting an immune response to stimulating antigen
Active immunity/long term immunity
97
Type of immunity that occurs when IgG antibodies travel across the placenta from mother to infant
Passive immunity/short term immunity
98
Advantage of passive immunity
Antibody is preformed and given to recipient, antibody available more quickly
99
Site of production of complement proteins
Liver
100
Functions of complement
Cell lysis
101
2 complement system pathways
Classical
| Alternate
102
Both complement activation pathways end at what protein
Membrane attack complex
103
Classical complement pathway triggered by?
Antigen-antibody complexes
104
Why is IgM antibody-antigen complex most effective to activate complement?
Multiple antigen binding sites so it only takes one molecule
105
Which IgG class is more effective at activating complement?
IgG3, then IgG1 and IgG2
106
Complement recognition unit C1 fragments
C1q, C1r, C1s
107
3 complement activation attack units
Recognition unit C1
Activation unit
Membrane attack complex C5-C9
108
Complement activation unit fragments
C4, C2, C3
109
Membrane attack complex fragments
C5-C9
110
Complement activation pathway independent of antibodies; directly activated by polysaccharides or lipopolysaccharides found on surfaces of many microorganisms and tumor cells
Alternate pathway
111
Recognition and activation component of alternate pathway
C3
112
Function of MHC
Antigen recognition
| Antigen presentation
113
Components of innate/natural humoral response
IgA
Cytokines
Opsins
Complement components (alternate pathway)
114
Components of adaptive/specific humoral response
IgM
IgG
Cytokines
Classical pathway
115
Molecules that bind foreign antigen within cells and transport them to the cell membrane where they can be recognized by T cells
MHC molecules
116
MHC molecule responsible for intracellular antigen processing
MHC class I
117
MHC molecule that binds antigens that have been synthesized within the cell such as viral proteins, tumor cells, and some intracellular parasitic antigens
MHC class I
118
MHC molecule that presents antigen to cytotoxic T cells
MHC Class I
119
MHC molecule only found on antigen presenting cells (mature B cells, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells)
MHC class II
120
MHC molecule that binds exogenous antigens that have been taken into the cell from the outside
MHC class II
121
MHC molecules that present antigen to T helper cells
MHC class II
122
MHC molecule associated with cell mediated immunity
Class I MHC
123
MHC molecule associated with humoral response mechanism
MHC class II
