Genetics And Molecular Flashcards
Chromosome other than sex chromosomes
Autosome
Small segment of DNA that contains genetic information necessary to construct a protein or part of a protein
Gene
Alternate form for a gene; one or two or more different genes that may occupy a specific locus on a chromosome
Allele
Position of a gene on a chromosome
Locus
Alleles on the same chromosome
Cis position
Alleles on opposite chromosomes
Trans position
Normal number of chromosomes in zygote and all body cells
46 (diploid)
Normal number of chromosomes in gametes (Sex cells)
23 (haploid)
Cell division that leads to 2 identical cells that have the same number of paired chromosomes
Mitosis
Mitosis occurs in which cells??
Somatic cells
Cell division that occurs when gametes are formed and will not have pairs of chromosomes
Meiosis
Mitosis produces how many daughter cells
2
Gametes are haploid or diploid?
Haploid
5 cell stages
Interphase Prophase Anaphase Metaphase Telophase
Stage between cell divisions where cell is not actively dividing but engaged in metabolic activity
Interphase
Both alleles are equally strong and product of both alleles is observable as an inherited trait
Co-dominant inheritance
Most blood group system alleles follow what type of inheritance?
Co-dominant
Inheritance of identical alleles at a given locus on both chromosomes
Homozygous
Inheritance of different alleles at a given locus on both chromosomes
Heterozygous
Silent gene; gene is present but does not result in production of detectable product
Amorph
Inheritance of only one member of a chromosome pair or chromosome segment rather than the usual 2
Hemizygous
Antigens of ABO blood group are carbohydrates or proteins?
Carbohydrates
Antigens of Rh blood group are carbohydrates or proteins?
Proteins
Blood group antigen proteins that have complement regulatory functions
Complement receptor type 1 (CR1, CD35: Knops antigens)
Decay accelerating factor (DAF, CD55: Cramer antigens)
Blood group antigens that serves as anion transporter
Diego and Wright
Blood group antigen that serves as water channel transporter
Colton
Blood group antigen that serves as urea transporter
Kidd
Blood group antigen that resides on chemokine receptor
Duffy
Blood group antigen that resides on hyaluron receptor
Indian
Genetic makeup of an individual
Genotype
Outward expression of genes/observable traits
Phenotype
Difference in antigen density manifested by antibodies giving stronger reactions with cells that have double dose of antigen
Dosage
Blood groups that demonstrate dosage
Rh
Duffy
MNSs
Kidd
Event that leads to production of altered gene or new gene that did not exist in biological parents
Mutation
2 or more alleles at a single locus
Polymorphism
Polymorphism common in what blood group systems?
ABO and HLA
Physical association between 2 genes that are located on same chromosome
Linkage
Closely linked genes inherited together
Haplotype
Blood group systems exhibiting linkage
Secretor and Lutheran genes on same chromosome
HLA
D gene closely linked to Cc and Ee genes
MNSs
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
P+q=1
P^2 + 2pq +q^2 = 1
Square on pedigree chart
Male
Circle on pedigree chart
Female
Child inherited a genetic marker that is not found in mother or alleged father
Direct exclusion
Example of direct exclusion
Mother who types A and alleged father who types O have a child who types B
Child lacks a genetic marker that the father should have transmitted to all his offspring
Indirect exclusion
Example of indirect exclusion
Mother who types CC and alleged father who types cc have child who types CC
Inheritance that is not sex-linked; trait appears in every generation
Autosomal dominant
Inheritance pattern that affects both male and female at the same rate
Autosomal dominant
Inheritance pattern transmitted by average person to half of his/her children on average
Autosomal dominant
Inheritance pattern in which unaffected persons do not transmit trait to their children
Autosomal dominant
Inheritance pattern that is not sex-linked, trait appears in siblings but not their parents or offspring
Autosomal recessive
Inheritance pattern in which both parents are recessive for trait
Autosomal recessive
Inheritance pattern in which trait appears only in siblings
Autosomal recessive
Autosomal recessive affect on male and female
Same rate
Inheritance pattern in which trait resides on X chromosome and males and females are affected
X-linked dominant
Affected males in X-linked dominant will transmit trait to which of their offspring?
All of their daughters
None of their sons
Affected females of X-linked dominant trait who are heterozygous will transmit condition to which of their offspring?
Half of their children of either sex
Affected females of X-linked dominant trait who are homozygous transmit condition to which of their offspring?
All of their children
Inheritance pattern in which trait resides on X chromosome, males and homologous females affected
X-linked recessive
Inheritance pattern in which incidence of trait is much higher in males than in females?
X-linked recessive
Inheritance pattern in which trait is passed from affected man through all his daughters to half of their sons
X-linked recessive
Inheritance pattern in which trait is never transmitted directly from father to son
X-linked recessive
Inheritance pattern in which trait is transmitted through female carriers
X-linked recessive
Inheritance pattern in which trait resides on Y chromosome, only males affected
Y-linked
Inheritance pattern in which trait is transmitted only from father to son with all sons affected
Y-linked
