The Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival, Chapter 9

Question 1

What was the reason for Pope Boniface VIII’s downfall?

Answer 1

He believed he could control the rule of monarchs throughout Christendom but the Papacy was no match for France and England’s new centralized government

Question 2

What was both France and England “preparing” for?

Answer 2

The Hundred Years War

Question 3

Describe the Pope Boniface VIII’s first run in with the monarchy

Answer 3

Due to the countries preparation for war they went against papal decree and taxed the clergy without his consent, the Pope issued the Clerics Laicos which resulted in Edward I removing his protection of clergy in court and Philip IV supporting enemies of Boniface and claiming that he played a major role in Pope Celestine V’s murder Furthermore he stopped sending money from France to Rome which resulted in Pope Boniface VIII allowing Philip IV to tax the clergy in “emergencies”

Question 4

What is the Clericis Laicos?

Answer 4

It forbade secular taxation of clergy without papal approval, 1296

Question 5

How did Pope Boniface VII handle the arrest of Bernard Saissi, who was an archbishop in France

Answer 5

1301, Boniface supported Saissi (heresy and treason) called for immediate release and removed all previous agreements made between him and Philip plus he issues the papal bull as Ausculta Fili

Question 6

What is the Ausculta Fili?

Answer 6

1301, literally translates to Listen My Son and asserted that God had set popes over kings and kingdoms

Question 7

What is the Unam Sanctum?

Answer 7

1302,declared that temporal authority was subject to the spiritual power of the church, desperate act of a besieged papcy

Question 8

What was the result of the Unam Sanctum?

Answer 8

Pushed Philip to the edge, with the help of Italian clan(Calonas), who were enemies of the Pope, attacked Pope on August 1303, beat him very close to death until locals stepped in to help

Question 9

How did Pope Boniface III die?

Answer 9

October 1303, unable to recover from the beating

Question 10

What was the result of Pope Boniface ‘s death?

Answer 10

Popes never seriously threatened royal authority again,

Question 11

How long did the Avignon Papacy last?

Answer 11

1309-1377

Question 12

What Pope moved the Papacy to Avignon?

Answer 12

Pope Clement V

Question 13

Why did the Papacy move to France?

Answer 13

Pope Clement V was French and strongly influenced by the French Monarchy, and most of the Cardinals were French

Question 14

How did the church find new ways to finance itself after they were cut off from Roman Estates?

Answer 14

Animates, which were collections of the first year’s salary of new clergy members and exploiting the fear of church members with the doctrine of purgatory which resulted in the selling of Indulgences

Question 15

What did Pope John XXII attempt to do and what was the result?

Answer 15

He attempted to restore the Papacy in Italy but the Visconti family from Milan and Louis IV prevented it

Question 16

What two pamphleteers wrote lasting works for the cause?

Answer 16

William of Ockham and Marsilius of Padua, local authority over pope and both were later excommunicated

Question 17

Who wrote Defender of the Peace and what ideas did it discuss?

Answer 17

1324, it stressed secular government, limits of ecclesiastical authority and punishment in the next life, Marsilius of Padua

Question 18

Why did England halt clergy payment during 1337-1453

Answer 18

The Hundred Years War, the church was identified too much with France

Question 19

Who was loyal to the church but denounced its political participation?

Answer 19

St. Francis of Assisi

Question 20

Who were the Hohenstaufens?

Answer 20

Dynastic Family of Roman Empire, formal enemies of Roman Empire, attacked the church

Question 21

What is a conclave?

Answer 21

Put in place by Pope Gregory X, it closed the college of cardinals after a pope dies in order to limit political intrigue of electing a new pope, ineffective

Question 22

Who died a suspicious death and who was he replaced with?

Answer 22

Pope Celestine V, Pope Boniface VII (widely experienced in politics)

Question 23

What is the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges?

Answer 23

1438, an agreement that recognized the right of the French church to elect its own clergy without papal interference, prohibit the payment of annates to Rome

Question 24

Who is John Wycliffe?

Answer 24

Professor at University of Oxford, Philosopher, major intellectual spokesperson for the rights of royalty against secular pretensions of popes, realist, felt clergy should be happy with food and clothing, authority based on credentials not wealth, critical of Indulgences, transubstantiation, donatism, lollards,

Question 25

Why is the University of Prague important during this time period?

Answer 25

It was in Bohemia where Heresy wasn’t always caught, center of religious reform

Question 26

Who is John Huss?

Answer 26

Hussites (similar to lollards), questioned Catholic practices, donatism, excommunicated in 1410, foolishly believe he could win his critics over and was captured and burned at the stake which caused the hussites to become violent

Question 27

Dates of the Great Schism?

Answer 27

1378-1417

Question 28

What is the Babylonian Captivity?

Answer 28

The church in Avignon versus in Rome, Reference to the biblical bondage of the Israelites

Question 29

Who ended the Babylonian Captivity?

Answer 29

Pope Gregory XI

Question 30

Why did the Great Schism occur?

Answer 30

Pope Urban VI was elected (Italian) wanted to get rid of France’s dominance in the curiae which forced the French clergy to form another conclave and elect a different Pope

Question 31

Who was elected and how was he related to the King of France?

Answer 31

Pope Clement VII, cousin to King Charles VI

Question 32

What is the Conciliar Theory?

Answer 32

It was a theory that the church should be reorganized such that the Pope was only a head and had few.power but to.ensure the unity and peace of the church whereas a representative council would have more power

Question 33

What did the Council of Pisa achieve?

Answer 33

It removed both Popes and elected a new one, Pope Alexander V, but both Popes still denied he was legitimate

Question 34

What did the Council of Constance achieve?

Answer 34

It removed all three popes and elected a new Pope Martin V and made provisions for regular meetings

Question 35

What did the Sacrosancta declare?

Answer 35

The Council of Constance asserted their supremacy over the three popes

Question 36

What did the Council of Basel achieve?

Answer 36

Hussites presented four requests, three of the requests were accepted and gave the Bohemians power over their own church, this ended the Hussite Wars, severe cost-effective opened doors for future comprises that would break the church apart into splinter movements (16th century)

Question 37

What is the Excrabillis?

Answer 37

1460, papal bull issued by Pope Pius II which condemned appeals to councils as wrong and having no legal force

Question 38

What were some consequences of this movement?

Answer 38

Secular governments and normal people took on more religious responsibility, weakened the Pope,changed the church into economic gain rather then institute of souls, allowed the church to do legal things without local courts

Question 39

What document allowed the church to do legal things without local courts?

Answer 39

Rota Romana