The Age of Enlightenment, Chapter 17

Question 1

Two most important influences on Enlightenment

Answer 1

Issac Newton, John Locke

Question 2

Uniqueness of Britain politically and socially leading up to Enlightenment

Answer 2

religious toleration, political sovereignty, effective courts, small army, less regulation

Question 3

Britain’s influence on the Enlightenment

Answer 3

example of a society that benefited everyone with economic prosperity, political stability, loyal citizenry, more freedoms then other European countries,enlightenment writers contrasted Britain with other countries

Question 4

Public Opinion

Answer 4

new social force, effect on political and social life of view that been circulated

Question 5

Print Culture

Answer 5

Culture in which books, journals, newspapers and pamphlets achieve status of their own, increased sharply at this time, very valued, share ideas and information, more could read, moral + social instructions, being an author was an occupation, division in literary world

Question 6

Voltaire’s views and literary works on Britain

Answer 6

religious toleration, against war, pessimistic about human condition, Letters on the English: religious liberty and criticized French Society

Question 7

Voltaire’s literary works and their subject matters

Answer 7

Elements of the Philosophy of Newton: popularized the ideas of Issac Newton

Candide: satire attacking war, religious persecution and unwarranted optimism about the human condition

Question 8

Philosphes criticism of Christian Church

Answer 8

they held people back from improvement and happiness, did not allow for science, only worthy through divine grace, higher concentration on afterlife, promoted intolerance bigotry torture and war

Question 9

Major points of the Deists Creed

Answer 9

belief in god that was justified by nature, life after death determined by virtue in one’s life, rational toleration

Question 10

Ethics

Answer 10

closely related god and nature, written by Boroch Spinoza (Jewish), secularized Judaism, criticized as being an atheist, excommunicated

Question 11

Moses Mendelsohn

Answer 11

philosopher, advocated Jews enter mainstream life, Jew could be loyal and rational, believed in toleration, Jerusalem; or, On Ecclesiastical Power and Judaism, similar to Locke

Question 12

Pascals’s view of Islam

Answer 12

false religion, Muhammad was an imposter, sexually promiscuous due to polygamy and Heaven had “sensuous delights”

Question 13

Editors, contributors, topics/themes and effects of The Encyclopedia

Answer 13

Denis Diderot, Jean Le Rond di Alembert, religion, government and philosophy, manufacturing, canal building, ship construction, agriculture, spread the ideas of the Enlightenment throughout Europe

Question 14

On Crimes and Punishments

Answer 14

1764, Marauis Cesare Beccaria (Italian Aristocrat), making punishments effective (Germany and Russia), attacked capital punishment and torture, speedy trial, to deter further crime, secure the greatest food for the greatest number of people (utilitarian)

Question 15

Adam Smith and views on Mercantilism

Answer 15

he wanted to abolish it because it held countries back

Question 16

The Wealth of Nations

Answer 16

resources were boundless, the best way to gain wealth was allowing individuals to pursue their greedy economic interests, laissez-faire economics

Question 17

Role and purpose of government according to Adam Smith

Answer 17

should provide schools, armies, navies, roads, commercial ventures, support education

Question 18

Adam Smith’s four-stage theory

Answer 18

Hunters+Gathers - Pastoral Societies- Agriculture+ Farming Societies- Commercialism

Barbarism to Civilization, led to Europeans justifying their economic and imperial domination of the world

Question 19

Laissez-faire economics

Answer 19

Adam Smith, limited role for government in economic life

Question 20

Beliefs of Physiocrats

Answer 20

mercantilist legislation and the regulation of labor by governments and guilds actually hampered the expansion of trade, manufacture and agriculture

Question 21

Rousseau and human nature, evil in the world, views on women and individualism vs. community

Answer 21

believed it was impossible for human beings living according to commercial values to achieve moral, virtuous or sincere lives, uneven distribution of property was the source of evil in the world, humans were good but society mad them evil, community was more important (achieve more together), did not favor gender equality, keep women at home and receive orders from fathers and husbands (separate gender spheres)

Question 22

Injustices as grounds for criticism of Imperialism from Enlightenment thinkers

Answer 22

mistreatment of Native Americans and Blacks, superiority over other cultures and the lack of the ability to respect and learn about their countries

Question 23

Views of Herder

Answer 23

Cultural relativism, different cultures develop differently

Question 24

Montesquieu’s literary works, views on Govt., England, preferred govt. for France, etc.

Answer 24

The Persian Letters, The Spirit of the Laws, deeply admired English government, concluded no government would fit everyone and every country, , one must asses circumstances and pick the best one, preferred government of France was monarchy with small institutions that limited it’s power liked division of power in government, believed inefficient absolutism= degrade of French Life

Question 25

Philosphes views on women

Answer 25

wanted better education for women, traditional values, nothing radical, inferior to men, empathized with women, frivolous, repressed women , influenced FR

Question 26

Characteristics, themes, examples and supporters of Rococo Art

Answer 26

Franco boucher, lavish, lighthearted, Pastel colors, playing with light, Louis XV, Imperial Hall, Gian Battista Tieplo, fetes galantes, leisure+romance+seduction, Jean-Antoine, Balthasar Neumann, Jean-Honore Gragonard, increased hostility towards elite

Question 27

Characteristics, themes, examples and supporters of Neoclassical Art

Answer 27

serious, public life, public morals, heroism, self sacrifice, Jacques-Louis David, Jean- Andoine Houdon, Pantheon

Question 28

Enlightenment absolutism under Catherine the Great

Answer 28

guaranteed nobles with many new rights, economic growth: encouraged trade, expanded middle class, territorial expansion with Crimea in Ottoman Empire

Question 29

Enlightened Absolutism under Frederick the Great and self proclaimed title

Answer 29

Promotion through merit, supportive of universities and intellectual life, religious toleration, legal reform, economic growth, “first servant of the state”

Question 30

Absolutist monarchs directly associated with the ideals of the Enlightenment

Answer 30

Frederick II, Catherine II, Joseph II

Question 31

Joseph II of Austria and social reforms

Answer 31

religious toleration, separated priests from church and they become employees of the state, dissolved many monasteries, new training of priests, confiscated church lands, abolished serfdom, reduced traditional burdens, everyone is taxed

Question 32

Catherine the Great of Russia and the nobility

Answer 32

gave them more rights because she knew if she wanted to maintain the throne they were her best ally, educated class was to small and she could not afford an army only loyal to her

Question 33

Catherine the Greats territorial aspirations/conquests

Answer 33

Russian fleet sailed from Baltic sea to eastern Mediterranean, gained control of Danube river and Crimean coast, free navigation rights in the waters, annexed Crimea in 1783, protector of Orthodox Christians in Ottoman Empire

Question 34

Results of the 1st partition of Poland

Answer 34

revival of national feeling, showed that any European nation with a strong monarchy, bureaucracy and army could take over weaker nations, Poland eased tensions between Russia, Austria and Prussia

Question 35

Facts about Gotthold Lessing

Answer 35

German, playwright, first dramaturg, his works are considered the prototype for bourgeois German drama, believed in religious toleration, liberation from nobles, defended Christian’s freedom of thought