Industrial Revolution, Chapter 21 Flashcards
Another name for the industrial revolution?
Proto Revolution
Who is the super power at this time and why?
Britain, lots of resources(iron, coal, steel, colonies, agriculture), capital banking, supply and demand was high, good social mobility, Britain was barely affected by Napoleon, triangular trade route
Did population increase or decrease at this time? How and what were some statistics?
Increase, lots of food and industry
Between 1830 and 1850
Britain gained five million people
France gained four million
Germany gained six million
Consequences of urbanization?
- stressed resources
- couldn’t find housing or jobs =slums
- cities were very dirty
- lots of disease
- criminal activity
What three countries gave up serfdom at this time and what was the result?
Prussia (1815)
Austria (1848)
Russia (1861)
More commercialized land holdings, peasants moved to cities= more industry and other peasants became conservative land holders
Five main causes of the Irish Famine?
- Irish were very Catholic and didn’t like England pushing their views on them
- Plantations
- Penal Laws
- Blight
- Poor Laws
What does it mean.by plantations?
English laid claim to Irish land forcing the Irish to rent their land from the English, hated England
What did the Penal Laws do?
Tried to abolish Catholicism in Ireland, pretty much forbid Irish Catholics from having any rights
What did the Blight due?
Affects root crops, destroyed all harvest for a prolonged time and was severe, stored crops also became infected
What did the poor laws do?
Forced English Plantation owners to take care of Irish tenants if they were poor and made Irish farmers work before they could have food but it was hard to find work (riots)
Effects of the Irish potato famine?
- evictions from farms
- the great hunger
- emigration to America and england
What exactly was the great hunger?
Half a million Irish people starved to death, there was no food or homes, people would dig holes in the side of mountains called shovels which led to sickness
In 1814 who adapted the locomotive to make it more efficient, faster and more powerful
George Stephenson
What is the name of Stephenson’s locomotive?
The Rocket
In 1825 Who began implementing trainings a form of travel first?
Britain, The Stockton darling
By 1850 how many miles of track had Britain acquired by 1850?
6000 miles of track
What were the years of the Irish Potato Famine?
1847- early 1850s
From 1841- 1901 how much had Ireland’s population dropped?
8 million to 4.5 million
In 1832 who was the next to begin laying railway track down?
France
By 1850 how many miles of track were played down in France?
18000 miles of track
What year did GeRmany begin to lay track down and how how much track had they laid down by 1850?
1835, 37000 miles of track
What were some results of railroads becoming more a part of daily society?
More people left their birthplace, greater transportation of goods, shift in what people buy and invest in (capital over consumer goods)
What word describes the 19 century workforce?
Varied
Talk about the different kind of people in the 19 century workforce
Women, children, artisans, domestic servants, farmers, railroad workers, miners
Who are the Haves?
Wealthy, invest in Industry, depend upon labor force
Who are Have nots?
Laborers, very poor
What is Proletarianization?
People begin to participate in a wage labor force become a commodity for the labor marketplace
What was so different about labor in the 18 century versus the 19 century?
In the 19 century laborers did unskilled work, like factory workers and if they didn’t enter the workforce they would eventually be run out of business
What is the name of the main work system in the 18 century?
Guild system
What is the main work system in the 19 century?
Confection
What are some characteristics of Confection?
Standardization
Everyone does a little job to get one main goal accomplished
Cheaper to produce
What is chartism?
Program of political reform that British workers wanted as a solution to their economic downfall
Who established London Working Men’s Association?
1836 William Lovett
What were goals of the LWMA?
- protect rights of skilled laborers
- prevent wage laborers from taking over guilds
- The People’s Charter
What were some goals of The People’s Charter?
Male suffrage, annual elections in the house if commons, secret ballot, equal electoral groups, abolishment of property rights and salaries of the house of commons
Did the LWMA stage peaceful demonstrations and if so what group did not?
Yes, Luddites
What is The Great Exhibition and where was it held?
Show off Bainbridge was being implemented in countries and invited the public to see it, The Crystal Palace
What was the Crystal Palace made of and what mess age did this send to people?
Glass and iron, glass is no longer a luxury item
What did they incorporate into the display to tell people that Industry won’t change their way of life too drastically?
Sculptures, art, fountains, plants
Explain some differences in the 18 century and 19 century family structure
18: family economy, domestic putting out
19: wage laborers economy, large factories, less skilled work, women and children often made up the employees and men were in management positions
Why were women and children often times employees versus men?
Pay them less, easier to boss around, less likely to start workers unions
Why were families so large at this time?
Saw children as assets, more salaries
How long did Chimney Sweepers live?
Early 20s, breathing problems
What age did children begin mining, major areas of mining?
10-14, Wales, Ireland and the US
What did the English Factory Act (1833) due?
Forbade employment of children under 9, limited a child’s workday to nine hours a day, provide two hours of education to children a day
What did the Parliamentary Act 1847 due?
Made workday for adults ten hours a day
Results of The Parliamentary Act 1847?
More family time, more gender roles, women had less jobs and less wages
How many women worked in textile factories?
Less then half
What did most French women work with?
Agriculture
Most English Women worked as?
Domestic Servants
Which classes experienced division of labor into gender specific roles?
Gentry, Middle Class, Working Class
What is a Charwon?
Very poor women, day laborers, go door to door and ask for work
What were some major causes for the increase in criminal activity?
Urbanization, large division in social classes, emancipation of serfs
What two.major ways did they decide to abolish crime through?
Prison Reform and Professional Police Forces
Where did first professional police force appear and what date?
1828, Paris France
What date did London acquire a professional police force?
1829
What were some nicknames for London’s police force and why?
Hobbies and Peepers, Robert Peel began the professional police forces
Was the Polices job very active?
No they’re main goal was to preserve order,walk streets, traffic, help out here and there, investigate criminal activity
What were prisons like before reform?
One big cell with everyone in it, black and white(all criminals go together no in between grey area)
What were some punishments before reform?
Hulks, prisoners forced to row until they died
Transportation, get prisoners out of country (Australia)
What did they model their reforms after?
American Prsions
Explain the Auburn System
Attempt to reform prisoners not punish them, misguided, at night they separated prisoners so they could think about their actions, treadmills
Explain the The Philadephia system
Prisoners are separated constantly, if they are allowed together they must wear a mask, led to mental collapse, Pentonville Prison
Ultimately what were the effects of the attempted prison reform?
People finally learned that maybe if they gave prisoners an education and trade skill they would no longer resort to criminal activity
