European State Consolidation in the 17th and 18th Centuries, Chapter 13 Flashcards
Emergence of the Netherlands as a nation
After Spanish Revolt in 1572, 7 provinces
Religious Characteristics of Netherlands
Calvinism, known for religious toleration
Contemporary impressions of Dutch society
Economic prosperity
Governmental system of Netherlands
Republic, provinces
Reasons for Dutch economic prosperity and decline
high urban consolidation, transformed agriculture,extensive trade and finance, overseas commercial empire, their decline was due to William III’s death and their resistance
William III of Orange
grandson of William the silent, chief executive of Holland (rallied the dutch against the French), Protestant English aristocrats invited him and his wife, Mary, to the English throne which they accepted, died in 1702
Two most important models of European political organization
Parliamentary Monarchy and Political Absolutism
Characteristics of absolute rule
belief in divine right, not dependent on people,ruled without supporting body, made all decisions by oneself
Characteristics of and facts about James I, his rule and relationship with Parliament
son of Mary Stuart, rarely called upon Parliament instead used impositions as his source of income, absolute ruler and believed in divine right, Stuart line, rejected Puritans, King James Bible. Catholic Sympathies, against reform, corrupted
Reasons for suspicion of James I foreign policy
made peace with Spain which protestants viewed as pro-catholic move, attempted to relax anti catholic laws, did not rush to help German protestants in the outbreak of the thirty years war, his son marries a catholic princess
Charles I’s extra parliamentary measures
to gain finances to fight Spain without Parliamentary help Charles I puts in place new tariffs, duties, collects discontinued taxes, forced loans, quartering troops in private homes
The Petition of Right
required that Charles would abolish forced loans, no taxation without consent from Parliament, no imprisonment without actual cause, soldiers could not stay in private homes and Parliament would give Charles the he asks for, Parliament dissolved 1629-1640
Consequences of the religious policies of Charles I
war with Scotland, had tried to impose religious conformity and the English episcopal system+ common prayer book, forced to call Parliament for funds who refused unless he signed a list of grievances
Facts about the Long Parliament
on and off from 1640-1660, Strauford and Laud were impeached and executed, abolished courts that enforced royal policy, prohibited taxes that had been issued without their consent, passed a law that stated Parliament must meet at least once every three years, religious division
Facts about the English Civil War
Charles I wants to raise money to help with the revolution in Scotland when Parliament refuses he sets up his own army and Parliament passes the Militia Ordinance allowing Parliament to raise there own army= English Civil War, Cavaliers vs. Roundheads, Roundheads won through a reformed military and alliance with Scotland,1642-1646
England under Oliver Cromwell
forces Parliament to to sign for Charles execution, Republic of the Commonwealth, Puritan, killed many Irish, 1653 disbanded Parliament, very extreme puritan restrictions (no singing, no dancing in public), eventually executed
State of England after Cromwell and what they wanted to restore
somber puritanism, Charles II restored hereditary monarchy wer, Parliament, Anglican church
Facts about The Treaty of Dover
1670, economical compromise with England’s enemy the Netherlands, secretly Charles promised to announce his conversion into Catholicism as soon as the appropriate time arrived and Louis XIV promised to pay him quite a bit of money (unite against Holland)
The Test Act
1672 required all civil and military afflictions of the crown to swear an oath against transubstantiation as a way to weed out Catholics from the government
The Popish Plot
1678 a man named Titus Oates swore that Charles wife’s physician, jesuits, and irish were plotting to kill the king in order for James to rise to power, many people were executed in fear of Catholicism taking hold in England
Declaration of Indulgence of 1687
James II, suspended all religious tests and allowed for free worship
Facts about The Glorious Revolution
1688, Protestants invite William and Mary (protestant) to invade England, little resistance, continued to rule Holland, James II and son flee to France under the protection of Louis XIV, English Bill of Rights limits power of the monarchy, Parliament must meet every three years, prohibits Catholics to be monarchs
The Act of Settlement of 1701
Provided for the English crown to go to the Protestant House of Hanover in Germany if Queen Anne died without issue
The Act of Union of 1707
combined England and Scotland
Facts about Robert Walpole
first prime minister of the UK, his rule was based on royal support, his ability to handle the House of Commons and his control of government patronage, Positive Aspects of reign: stability, peace abroad, expanded international trade, expanded Navy, freedom of speech, civil rights, religious toleration
example for rest of Europe
Facts about Cardinal Armand Richelieu
powerful chief minister of Louis XIV, restricted protestant rights that had been put in place by the Edict of Nantes, centralization, attempted to block certain rights= Frande or noble revolt
Louis XIV’s relationship with French nobility
tried very hard to please and support nobles, he did limit nobles but never abolished noble institutions
Louis XIV’s reign
1643-1715
Significance of Versailles
demonstration that he could outspend and create a greater social display than the strongest nobles, political control
Louis XIV’s religious acts
carried out repressive acts towards Roman Catholics and Protestants
Symbolism of Louis XIV
Absolutism
Religious policies of Louis XIV
Banned Jansenism, condemned Jansenist teaching, launched campaign against the Huguenots, wanted religious uniformity, took away Huguenots rights, used financial incentives to convert them to catholicism
Characteristics of Jansenists
Roman Catholic religious movement, opposed Jesuits, teachings of St. Augustine, believed humans could do no good, opposed royal authority
Results of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
religious repression, Protestant churches+ schools closed, Protestants exiled and Protestant children baptized to Catholicism, huge mistake, Protestants all around Europe considered Louis to be a fanatic, a quarter of a million people left France and France became a symbol of religious repression
Finance minister of Louis XIV
Jean-Baptiste Colbert, mercantile economy
Wars fought during the reign of Louis XIV
War of Devolution- fight over dowry, King Philip IV died and Louis gains some land below the Spanish Netherlands
Franco-Dutch War- England and France vs. Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, France gained territory
Nine Years War- France wanted Alsace, league of Algsburg forms to prevent France from taking Alsace, France wins
Facts about the War of Spanish Succession
Charles II dies without heir and leaves all inheritance to Louis XIV’s grandson (King Philip V), Grand Allegiance formed to maintain the balance of power, France had inadequate resources and was defeated in every battle
Treaty of Utrecht- Peace between England and France recognizes Hanover as successor of England, England gains Gibraltus and Moreneca
Treaty of Rastatt- Peace between France and Holland, HRE, France gives up Spanish Netherlands
France after the Reign of Louis XIV
France was left to Louis XV, his grandson and Regent Duke of Orleans who was very greedy
Economic beliefs of John Law
wanted to fix the French economy created the Mississippi bubble=financial crisis
Characteristics and facts about 17th century Central and Eastern Europe
less advanced then western Europe, serfdom, no oversea empires, weak central monarchy
Dynasties of Central and Eastern Europe
Austrian Hapsburg,Prussian Hohenzollern, Russian Romanovs
Political and social characteristics of 17th and 18th century Poland
aristocratic independence, elective monarchy, not unified, monarchs were foreigners, excluded representatives from towns,liberum veto was misused
The Pragmatic Sanction
created by Charles VI in fear that the Hapsburg empire would disappear after his death, made Maria Theresa his heir (daughter)
Ruler of Prussia from 1640-1688
Frederick William
Ruler of Prussia from 1688-1713
Frederick I
Ruler of Prussia from 1713-1740
Frederick William I
Ruler of Prussia from 1740-1786
Frederick II or Frederick the Great
Aftermath of the reign of Ivan IV in Russia
Time of Troubles, weak, impoverished, Michael Romanov, Aleksi and Theodore III came to power, modest, centralized,. bureaucratic
Power of Boyars during reign of Peter the Great
lost power, Peter was strict and an excellent leader who did not put up with Boyars and their attachment to Russian Culture
Facts about the Great Northern War
Russia wanted warm water ports that Charles XII of Sweden was in control of, in the Battle of Poltava in Ukraine Russia decisively won, Charles went to Turkey, Peace of Nystad confirmed Russia’s ownership of Baltic states
Significance of St. Petersburg
it symbolized a new western orientation of Russia and Peter’s determination to hold his position on the Baltic coast
Reforms of Peter the Great and their purpose
8 administrative colleges, Table of Ranks, took powers away from boyars and made sure they were loyal to him
Characteristics of the legacy of Peter the Great
he expanded territory to the west and east, modern army, achieved war water port, St. Peters burg, took powers away from nobles and elite, made Russia relevant, no successor after death
