Age of Nation States, Chapter 22

Question 1

Causes of the Crimean War?

Answer 1

Russia had ambitions in the Black Sea Region which the Ottoman Empire controlled, 1851 Ottoman Empire gave holy lands to the Roman Catholics which offended the Russians who felt they had to protect the Eastern Orthodox Catholics

Question 2

Uniqueness of the Crimean War?

Answer 2

First war with media correspondents who would go out to the trenches with the soldiers and write about their experiences in newspapers so people at home knew exactly what was happening in the war, both sides fighting poorly

Question 3

Nations involved in Crimean War?

Answer 3

Ottoman Empire, Great Britain, France V. Russia (Prussia and Austria remained neutral)

Question 4

Facts about Florence Nightingale?

Answer 4

Considered the founder of modern nursing, from Great Britain, reformed the medical system in the Crimean Wars, more soldiers died of sickness then bullets (unsanitary), cut death rate in half, “The Lady with the Lamp”, soldiers loved her

Question 5

Effects of the Crimean War?

Answer 5

Treaty of Paris-forces Russia to renounce protection over Eastern Orthodox Catholics, Russia lost the most amount of troops and discredits the idea that Russia is invincible, Concert of Europe is discredited, Ottoman Empire realizes they must change unless they want to be picked off by the European countries

Question 6

Reforms of the Ottoman Empire

Answer 6

Tanzimat-era of reform, liberal, free economics, political reform, cross religious change, 1876 Ottoman Constitution with a Parliamentary System which was eventually dissolved by the Sultan, 1908 the young Turks come to power

Question 7

Nationalist Leaders of Italy and their significance?

Answer 7

Giuseppe Mazzini (heart and soul, gave passion to the nationalistic cause, Young Italy Society)
Giuseppe Garibaldi (sword, helped lead uprisings with guerrilla warfare)

Question 8

Count Camillo Favour and philosophical parallels

Answer 8

(Head), minister to King Victor Emmanuel, Enlightenment ideas, classical economists especially Jeremy Bentham (utilitarianism), disliked Giuseppes

Question 9

Political Ideology and form of government favored by Favour?

Answer 9

Conservative, disliked republican ideals, favored a constitutional monarchy, believed that three things must occur for Italian Unification

Question 10

What three things must occur for Italian Unification?

Answer 10

1. Prove to Europe that Italy could be a nation
2. Spread the idea of nationalism throughout Italy
3. Italy needs the support of France

Question 11

Agreement of 1858 between Cavour and Napoleon III

Answer 11

Pact of Plumbierres, met on a carriage secretly and alone agreed that they have a common enemy, Austria, and that Italy needs France to kick Austria out of Northern Italy

Question 12

Circumstances leading to Venice incorporation into Italian Nation

Answer 12

Gained Venetia for assisting Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War

Question 13

Role of Sardinia- Piedmont in Italian Unification

Answer 13

Magnet, piedmont sent troops to stop Geribaldi’s Expedition of the thousand and he steps down allowing for Italian Unification

Question 14

Significance of Guiseppe Garibaldi in Italian Unification

Answer 14

Sword, His Expedition of the Thousand began to unite Italian City States when Piedmont sent troops to stop him leading to Italian Unification

Question 15

Year that Italy was born as a nation

Answer 15

1860

Question 16

Most important political development between 1848-1914

Answer 16

German Unification

Question 17

Otto Von Bismarck

Answer 17

Old blood and iron or iron chancellor, realpolitik, Machiavellian, Prussian noble blood, influenced by liberalism but later switched to conservatism, nationalistic, mastermind behind German Unification, unification without austria

Question 18

Two strongest and rival states of German Confederation

Answer 18

Austria and Prussia

Question 19

Pragmatist quote of Bismarck

Answer 19

Germany is not looking to Prussias liberalism but to her power, the great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decisions that was the mistake of 1848-1849 but by iron and blood

Question 20

Reasons for Bismarcks embrace of German Nationalism

Answer 20

Strategy to enable Prussian Conservatives to outrank Prussian Liberals

Question 21

Causes of the Danish War of 1864

Answer 21

Denmark kept an eye on Schleswig and Holsten for Germany and figured they might as well annex the territories of Denmark

Question 22

Effects of the seven week wars

Answer 22

Treaty of Prague, Italy receives Venetia and Prussia becomes the dominant territory in the German Confederation whereas Austria is kicked out

Question 23

Houses of the North German Confederation Government

Answer 23

Bundesrat, members appointed by government

Reichstag, members chosen from the male suffrage

Question 24

The Bad-Ems Telegram

Answer 24

Telegram sent from Willhelm to Bismarck describing what had occurred between France and Prussia, Bismarck edits one thing and make sure the French republic see it= tool for German Unification

Question 25

Franco-Prussian War

Answer 25

Very short, Catalyst for German Unification, between France and Austria, Battle of Sedan captured Napoleon III which led to his exile, France lost, Treaty of Frankfurt, birth of German Unification and Italy gains Ventia

Question 26

French Rulers since 1789

Answer 26

The national assembly, legislative assembly, National Convention, The Directory, Napoleon I, Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Philippe, Napoleon III, Adolphe Thiers

Question 27

Paris Commune

Answer 27

Attempted to take over Paris 1871, wanted Paris to be Independent within France but the National Assembly surrounded the city and bombed it

Question 28

Impact of emergence of German Empire

Answer 28

Superpower, very strong Industrially and Militarily,pushes Austria out of German Empire and causes France and Austria to become weaker

Question 29

Dreyfus Affair

Answer 29

Alfred Dreyfus was a member of the military, Jewish, it’s discovered at someone from the military has been leaking secrets to the Germans so they use Dreyfus as a scapegoat even though he is innocent brought up later and he was given a retrial proving his innonence

Question 30

19c Hapsburg Empire

Answer 30

Dynastic, resistant to reform, absolutist, centralized, agriculture

Question 31

Ausgliech of 1867

Answer 31

Compromise between Austria and Hungary, initiated a dual monarchy= common military currency and foreign relations but desperate parliaments

Question 32

Czech trialism and opposition

Answer 32

Czechs wanted a triple monarchy so Czechs could be Independent, Hungary was against it because it would weaken their power

Question 33

Alexander II reforms

Answer 33

Abolished serfdom, Redemption payments, Communes, Zemstvos,

Question 34

Problems with serfdom in Russia

Answer 34

Economically inefficient,chance of social revolt, ineffective military, felt it was immoral

Question 35

Impact that emancipation had on serfs

Answer 35

Lost land, didn’t have an education or work which led to social instability

Question 36

Relationship of Poland with Russia prior to WWI

Answer 36

Not very good, suppressed 1863 revolt, tried to Russify Poland, emancipated the serfs,weakened polish nobility, remains Russian province until after World War I

Question 37

Revolutionary groups in Russia during the reign of Tsar Alexander II

Answer 37

Populism:

Land and Freedom- a group of Marxists tried to teach Peasants about Marxist ideas but ended up being reported to the government

The People’s Will- anarchism, assassinated Alexander II

Question 38

Significance of Wiliam Gladstone’s ministry

Answer 38

Liberal democratic reforms, The Education Act, jobs based on merit, religious toleration, secret ballot, free economics, 2nd Reform Act

Question 39

Benjamin Disraeli

Answer 39

Conservative,not many reforms, The Public Health Act, Artisan Housing Act, trade unions were given.protection

Question 40

Ireland’s movement for Home Rule

Answer 40

Stuart Parnell, Gladstone supported, The Home Rule Bill of 1812 was crushed by the House of Lords,gained autonomy in 1912 but fell through the cracks with World War I