Northern Renaissance and Monarchies of Northern Europe, Chapter 10 Flashcards
Why did Royalty encourage schools and literacy?
Provide future staff for kingdoms
What were the effects of the Printing Press?
More books on widely known topics became widely availible, less credulous and docile laity
Why were books before the Printing press so expensive?
They were printed on vellum (cumbersome and expensive)
Who is Johann Gutenberg?
Invented printing with moveable type, Mainz Germany became the center of printing for whole of western Europe because of him
Who is Erasmus?
Prince of Humanists, most famous northern humanist,educational and Religious reformer, catholic
What are colloquies?
Latin dialogues teaching how to speak and live well grew in number including antithetical and satires on religious dogmatism and superstition
What are adages?
Ancient and contemporary proverbs
What did Erasmus translate the new testament into?
Greek(1516) and latin(1519)
Who is Rudolf Agricolon?
Father of German Humanism, introduced Italian Learning
Who is Conrad Celtis
First German Poet laureate
Who is Ulrich von hutten?
Gave humanism a nationalist coloring, knight, hostile to non German cultures especially Romans, attacked indulgences, wrote the donation of Constantine
Who is Johanna Reuchlin?
Foremost Christian authority on Hebrew and Jewish learning, wrote first reliable Hebrew grammar
What occurred in 1506 when a Christian made movement against Jewish writings surfaced?
Predetermined attacked Reuchlin and many German humanists came to his defense even though they weren’t exactly pro-Jew, resulted in letters of obscure man (1515)
Who is William Grocyn and Thomas Linacre?
Contributed to marking of English humanism
Who is John Colet?
Patronized human studies for young and promoted religious freedom
Who is Thomas More?
Best known English Humanist, close friend of Erasmus, wrote Utopia in 1516 which was an imaginary society based upon reason and tolerance, was diplomat of Henry VIII but was executed after he disagreed with the act of supremacy
Who is Guillotine Bude?
Greek Scholar
Who is Jacques Lefevre d Etaple?
Biblical authority
What three countries were prepared for the reformation and why was Spain not?
France, England and Germany, Spain entered the service of the Catholic Church
Who is Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros
Confessor to Queen Isabella, Grand Inquisitor (enforce strict religious orthodoxy), University of Acala, printed Greek edition of new testament, translated religious tracts, Complutension Polyglot Bible
There was a shift from ___________ to ___________
Feudal to national monarchies
What were the three reasons for the shift in monarchies becoming more powerful
- Black Plague
- Hundred Years War
- Great Schism and Avignon Papacy
All weakened containers of monarchy
There was a greater relationship between ______ and ___________
Kings, Towns
Increased in a _________ state
Sovereign
List the three different forms of representative assembly’s available in England, France and spain
Parliament, Estates General, Cortes, did not depend on them and they often met irregularly
What changed in how taxes were issued and give an example
They became more indirect, gabelle(french salt tax), Taille (French land tax on peasantry), 10% sales tax on any merchant goods
What changed in the type of people monarchies used in wars?
Instead of knights who just fought for glory they used mercenaries who fought for just money
What led to the war of roses?
Richard II was erratic, corrupt and had a monopoly of power
Who was the War of Roses between?
House of York and House of Lancaster
What were the two.colored roses for each house?
York had a white rose and.Lancaster had.a red rose
Dates of the war of roses?
1455-1485
Who was Henry VI?
King of England and France until Joan of Arc came, bouts of insanity, almost despotic rule, disposed of by Duke of York, Lancaster
Who was Edward IV?
Strong ruler, centralized monarchical power, ruled for a long time
Who is Edward V?
Regent for Edward IV ‘s children, sent them to Tower of London and never knew what happened to them
Who is Richard III
Edward IV’s brother, took control after children disappeared, after Tudors took control was viewed as a villain
The House of Tuforbwas part of what family?
Lancaster (France)
What occurred at the Battle of Bosworth?
Henry Tudor v. Richard III, Richard died and Henry came to power
What did Henry do that brought the York and Lancaster families together?
Married someone from York so the crown wouldn’t be contested
What is the Count of the Star chamber?
Royal court that was loyal to the king
Who first initiated a centralized France?
Charles VII, army full of mercenaries and stabilizes economy
What did Louis XI do?
Began to separate monarchy from.nobles, expanded trade, national post offices,
What occurred at the Battle of Nancy?
Duke of Burgundy was killed and his lands were divided
What was the union of Castile and Aragon
The marriage of Isabelle of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
What did the union of Castile and Aragon result in?
Stronger unified Spain, let’s them do things they wouldn’t otherwise been able to do without one another, Isabella
What were the five results of the union?
- Subdue loyal realms
- Secure national borders
- Conquered foreign territories
- Made Spain all Catholic
- Christopher Columbus= new world and riches
How did Ferdinand and Isabella secure national borders?
Conquered the Islamic Moors and others
What foreign territory did Spain conquer in 1504?
Naples
In what ways did Spain become “completely” catholic
Jews were forced to become Christianity or were exiled/executed and the Islamic Moors faced a similar fate
How did Ferdinand and Isabella make anti-French alliances?
Their eldest daughter Joanna they married off to Archduke Philip of the Holy Roman Empire (son of Maximilian I) = Charles I, ruled over Holy Roman Empire and Spain
Another daughter Catherine of Aragon married Prince Arthur of England which resulted in lots of money, Prince Arthur died so she was married to Henry VIII with the Popes blessing
Who were the Hapsburgs?
Intertwined marriages, lots of defects
About how many sections were the Holy Roman Empire in?
300
What is the Golden Bull of 1356
Principalities created an administrative body that would elect one emperor to rule over all of the principalities, created unity
What is the Reichstag?
It banned private warfare, created the supreme court of justice, created the imperial council of regency
