Society and Economy under the Old Regime in the 18c, Chapter 15

Question 1

Description of the Old Regime

Answer 1

Social, political and economic relationships that had existed in France before 1789 or pre-revolutionary Europe, traditional

Question 2

Characteristics of aristocracy in 18th c

Answer 2

very wealthy, 1-5% of the population, seperate house in representative bodies, land was source of income,economic innovation

Question 3

Facts and characteristics of French nobility

Answer 3

divided between nobles of the sword and nobles of the robe, exempt from many taxes including the taile, Vingtieme, and corvees, established nobles get most jobs

Question 4

Features about the nobility of Europe

Answer 4

Poland- exempt from taxes, poor, life and death over serfs

Austria- Hungary- judicial power, eempt from taxes

Prussia-strong, involved in military, bureaucracy, Judicial authority

Russia-created during this time, service, transmitting , noble status, power over serfs, exempt from personal taxes

Question 5

Aristocratic Resurgence

Answer 5

nobles reaction to the threat to their social privileges they felt from the monarchies expanding power

Question 6

Economic basis of 18c life

Answer 6

land

Question 7

Facts of English game laws

Answer 7

only landowners could hunt (1671-1831), everyone else was forbidden to hunt because if could undermine their work habits and land over commercial wealth because of these laws poaching and the black market sprung up

Question 8

Family economy characteristics

Answer 8

household was the basic unit of production and consumption, benefit of household over individual, everyone worked, father was head, sometimes migrant workers to pay the bills, second family groups were common

Question 9

Concerns of married women in pre-industrial Europe

Answer 9

earning enough money or producing enough farm goods

Question 10

Characteristics about children in 18th century

Answer 10

illegitimate births increased, infanticide emerged, new interest in preserving the lives of children, abandoned children= economic burden, many were uneducated and reared towards the family economy lifestyle

Question 11

Bread Prices during 18th century

Answer 11

steadily rose allowing for landlords to improve their lifestyle= Agriculture Revolution and Peasant Revolts

Question 12

Agricultural methods used by the Dutch leading up to the Agricultural Revolution

Answer 12

more efficient dikes+ways to drain land, new crops to help the soil and provide animal feed

Question 13

Europe’s population from 1700-1800

Answer 13

100-120 million to 190-260 million

Question 14

crops introduced to Europe from New World and their impacts

Answer 14

potato, allowed for population growth to be sustained, one acre could feed an entire family leading to more children lasting until adulthood to reproduce

Question 15

Innovations and contributors of the Agricultural Revolution

Answer 15

Iron Plow- Jethro Tull
Seed Drill
Fertilization and Crop Rotation- Charles Townsend
Selective Breeding- Robert Bakewell
Open Field System
Communal System

Question 16

Enclosure Movement

Answer 16

Combining small strips of land= more production, commercialize agriculture, social disruption

Question 17

Open Field System

Answer 17

rotation of crops, only 1/2 of land was used, discouraged improvement, very communal, steady, only benefited the poorer farmers

Question 18

Causes, effects and characteristics of 18th century consumer revolution

Answer 18

The Dutch were very prosperous and paved the way for new wages of consumption, more disposable income, new methods of marketing, new kinds of goods, fashion, new types of food= new dishware, higher standards of learning

Question 19

Industry which pioneered the Industrial Revolution

Answer 19

Textile Production

Question 20

Water Frame

Answer 20

created pure cotton fabric, powered by water, Richard Arkwright, 1769, led to more factories in the country, allowed for cotton industry to keep up with demand

Question 21

Spinning Jenny

Answer 21

1765, James Hargreaves, spun thread into fabric

Question 22

Flying Shuttle

Answer 22

John Kay, increased productivity of weavers, created bottleneck where weavers were too productive and the spinners couldn’t keep up

Question 23

The Power Loom

Answer 23

late 1780s, steam was power source, transition from country factories to urban factories

Question 24

Uses of Steam Engine

Answer 24

steady source of power, Industrial, transportation, pump water out of coal and tin mines, running cotton mills, steam tractor, bulldozer, steamship, steam locomotive

Question 25

Impact of Steam Engine

Answer 25

revolutionized transportation

Question 26

Inventors of Steam Engine

Answer 26

Thomas Newcomen, James Watt, Matthew Boulton, John Wilkinson

Question 27

Henry Cort and Iron production during the 18th century

Answer 27

produced a new method for melting and stirring molten ore, allowed for the removal of more slag, purer iron, rolling mill that shaped still molten metal into shapes needed, more versatile and cheaper demand for iron increased and steam engines could be used more widely

Question 28

Putting-out system of textile production

Answer 28

agents of urban textile manufacturers would take unfinished fibers to the homes of peasants who would spin it into thread then the agent would take the thread to another peasant family who would weave it into the finished product, merchant would sell product, sometimes didn’t own equipment

Question 29

Reasons for England being the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution

Answer 29

lead the consumer revolution, London was very popular, Newspapers thrived, social structure influenced lifestyle, economy took off due to colonies, largest free trade area, stable political structure, rich resources, efficient taxes, mobile society, progressive agriculture

Question 30

Impact of agricultural and Industrial Revolutions on women

Answer 30

forced to take on more domestic role, not a lot of room in new workforce for women, lower wages doing little unskilled labor, Women were seen as a damper to the reforms, cottage industries, more crime, paid less then men, domestic servants

Question 31

Locations of main Jewish populations in 18th c.

Answer 31

Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine