The Conservative Order and Challenges of Reform, Chapter 20 Flashcards
What are some characteristics of nationalism?
Belief that people are banded together due to common customs, language, culture and history + governments should govern all one group of people based upon ethnicity
What time period did nationalism emerge?
Late 18th century and early 19th century
What were Nationalist’s conflict with the principles of the Congress of Vienna?
They didn’t agree with multi-national states (Austria and Russia), they didn’t agree with the same ethnic group split into many political units rather then one (Italy and Germany)
What are some difficulties of Nationalism?
Some nationalists believe in popular sovereignty which led to confusion and conflict due to the presence of minorities
How was the printed word used to spread ideas about nationalism?
Historians published pieces about countries past and Literary Scholars published earlier writings of people from the past which gave people a sense of past and a literature of their own + School Teachers taught national language and history
What became a cornerstone in the foundation of nationalism?
Language
What defines a group that should be allowed to form their own country?
Support a viable economy, had a cultural history, cultural elite that could spread the language, and a military’s conquest and defense
Regions of nationalistic pressure?
Ireland, Germany, Italy, Poland, Eastern Europe and the Balkan Peninsula
What is the republicans definition of liberalism?
Anything or anyone who challenged republicans own political, social and religious voices
Political Goals of 19c Liberals?
Legal equality, religious toleration, freedom of press, limit arbitrary power of the government, wanted representative bodies and constitutionalism
Why did conservatives not trust constitutions?
The French Revolution
What area of society did liberals tend to fit into?
Educated, wealthy, excluded from political processes, influenced by the ideas of the enlightenment
What were the economic goals of 19 century liberals?
Abolish economic restraints, labor should be bought and sold freely, no bans or tariffs on products and people must use talents and properties to enrich themselves
Great Britain and liberalism?
Already had a limited monarchy so there were more freedoms already, representative government could be achieved easily, links between land, commerce and industry were already in place
France and liberalism?
Liberals favored France due to the Napoleonic code which they considered to be modern, problems include protecting civil liberties, defining the power of monarchs + legislators
Germany and liberalism?
Monarchs are against liberalism, no middle class participation in government or military, no strong tradition of civil or individual liberties, political conformity, unified Germany(didn’t work out)
Compare nationalism to liberalism
Not really linked but help each other out on certain occasions and manipulated both sides ideas to gain more support
What are the pillars of conservatism?
Legitimate monarchies, and landed aristocracy, established churches
What made conservatism as new as liberalism and nationalism?
After the French Revolution and Napoleonic Era the transition into the self aware alliance of throne, land and altar
What two men did conservatives tend to associate their ideas with?
Edmund Burke and Friedrich Hegel
What new Attitudes of the monarchs were forged by the French revolution?
Believed they could only trust aristocratic government or government in alliance with the wealthy middle class and professionals, representative government would be sufficient enough to protect their property and influence, did not trust constitutions even if they were written by themselves
What new Attitudes of the church were forged by the French revolution and Napoleonic era?
Distrusted the new popular movements except their own, believed they were entrusted with the task of supporting political and social status quo, hated the ideas of the enlightenment
What new Attitudes of the aristocracy were formed by the French revolution and Napoleonic era?
Lost privileges and confidence, saw.nationalism, liberalism and popular sovereignty as enemies, understood that they could be toppled over by the new movements
What was a huge cause for problems after 1815?
Peace
Why did Peace cause so many problems?
War had distracted nations from their problems, war fueled economies, with peace citizens could begin to speak up and young people grew up thinking about different ideas besides war
Who is Klemens von Metternich?
Perfect example of conservatism, devoted servant to the Hapsburg emperor and was a chief architect in the Congress of Vienna
Why couldn’t Austria afford to make compromises with any new.Political forces?
It would most likely lead to the dissolution of the empire
What did Frederick William III promise to the Prussian people in 1815 and did he keep that promise?
He promised a constitutional government and no he rejected the promise and created the council of ten (absolute power), replaced reform minded ministers with hard minded conservatives, created 8 provinces with ability to advise not act
What German states granted constitutions?
Baden, Bavaria and Wutemberg
What made university students so reform minded?
Grew up in the days of reform, read writings of early German nationalists, either them or their friends fought Napoleon
Who are the Burshenschaften?
Student association, wanted a unified Germany and often times were anti Semitic, inspired by nationalism and liberalism
What occurred at the 1817 celebration at Jena for the anniversary of the battle of Leipzig and Martin Luther’s 95 Theses?
More then 500 people showed up, bonfires + songs, made German rulers a little uneasy
Who is Karl Sand and what did he do that resulted in his execution?
Member of the Burshenschaften club, killed conservative dramatist who had ridiculed the Burshenschaften movement, became a martyr after his death
What were some results of the Karl Sand assassination of a conservative?
Metternich used this to suppress institutions associated with liberalism
What did the Carlsbad decrees do?
Dissolved the Burshenschaften and required more university inspectors and press censors
What did the Final Act of 1820 do?
Limited what could be discussed in Bavaria, Wittenberg and Baden chambers
Monarchs could resist demands of constitutionalist
Secret Police harassed suspects of political or social change
What made Lord Liverpool such a poor ruler?
He was unprepared to deal with Britain’s problems and instead was more interested in protecting the interests of the landed and wealthy class, corn law and combination acts
What did the Corn Law do?
Kept grain prices high and raised taxes on imported grains
In 1816 what did Parliament out a sales tax on?
They out a sales tax on goods both rich nd poor bought versus just what rich people bought
What are the spa field riots?
1816, mass meeting in spa fields near London in an attempting take over the government butbrrsukted in high treason, liberals, habeas corbus
The Peterloo Massacre?
1819, meeting in Manchester at Saint Peter’s fields, militia was ordered to move into the audience, 11 deaths, sounds like waterloo
The Six Acts?
- forbade large meetings
- raised fines for seditious libel
- Sped up trials for political agitators
- Increased newspaper taxes
- prohibited training of large groups
- allowed local officials to search homes
Louis XVIII as monarch?
Bourbon, accepted changes made French revolution, constitutional monarchy, after nephews death he became very repressive
Major powers of the Congress of Vienna?
Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain
Concert of Europe?
Congress of Countries that work together to resolve foreign policy issues, prevented one countryfrom taking too much control of international affairs
Ferdinand VII rule after Napoleon?
Promised to govern according to a constitution but went back on that promise when he dissolved the Cortes and became an absolute ruler, after the Spanish colonies revolted he agreed to a constitution, Bourbon, not a very strong ruler, Brother of Napoleon
Protocol of Troppau?
Lets government intervene to restore order in countries experiencing revolution
Demands of treaty of London 1827?
Certain powers recognize Greecs
Speak of Independence throughout Latin America?
French Revolution and Napoleon
Toussaint L’Overture impact on Latin American Independence?
Leader of the Haitian Rebellion, authoritarian constitution, governor for life, close informal ties with France
Haitian Slave Rebellion?
First successful revolt in Latin America from European Colonial Rule
Colonial Sates that gained Independence?
Haiti, Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, New Spain, Paraguay, Uruguay
Tsar Alexander I.and political reforms?
Reactionary, suppressed liberals and nationals
Event transposed the backwardness of Russia to its soldiers?
Exposure to French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
tsar Alexander I and his successor?
Died unexpectedly which led to the dynastic crisis and eventually Tsar Nicholas I was brought to power because Cinstatine refused
Northern and Southern Societys?
Liberal organizations to implement social reform, Southern- abolish serfdom
Northern- Constitutional Monarchy, more moderate, aristocrats
Nicholas I view on serfdom?
Didn’t like it but felt it would undermine nobles loyalty and create more problems
Slogan of Nicholas I?
Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism
Significance of the Decemberist Revolt?
Didn’t achieve goals but first revolt in Russia with specific political goals
Russian tsar and his infringement on other countries?
Control eastern Europe (Poland), King of Poland and ran it like a mini Russian state
Four Ordinances?
- Press Restrictions
- Limited Vote
- New Elections
- Dissolved the Chamber of Deputies
Charles X and his domestic policies?
Divine right,reactionary conservative policies, four ordinances
Louis Philipe?
July monarchy, July revolution, Algeria, very corrupt, constitutional reforms
Great reform bill and it’s effects on English electorate
50% more voters, desire for working class to revolt less v. France
Daniel O’Connell?
The liberators, Irish nationalist, emancipated Catholics and won seats in parliament
Great Britain and it’s support for Independence in Latin America?
They saw an opportunity to begin to trade with them
Major events of 1830?
Belgium, Serbia and Greece gain independence, November revolt and July revolution
French Rulers 1804-1848?
Napoleon, Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Philippe, Napoleon III
Lord Liverpool’s ministry?
Unprepared to deal with challenges so he unforeseen, corn laws, combination acts
The Charter?
Hereditary monarchy, bicameral legislature, chamber of peers and chamber of Deputies, religious toleration, landowners left alone
