New Directions in Thought and Culture in the 16th and 17th Centuries, Chapter 14

Question 1

Galileo and his views on how nature should be understood and explained

Answer 1

people have trouble understanding the Ptolemaic astrology and that based upon new found evidence of the world one needed a Copernican view of the world

Question 2

17th century scientists

Answer 2

Tycho Brahe, Johanne Kepler, Issac Newton, Galileo, Francis Bacon

Question 3

Characteristics and Descriptions of the Scientific Revolution

Answer 3

The long process that established the new view of the solar system, old ideas that were thought of in new ways and new discovreies, referred to as Natural Philosphers, very slow process, very few particapated, Scattered areas of study but concentrated on Astronomy

Question 4

Ptolemaic view of the universe

Answer 4

combination of ideas, geocentrism, Atristotle and Ptolemy contributed, Catholic church said it was their doctrine, Epicycles and Deferents

Question 5

Copernican view of the universe

Answer 5

challenged Ptolemaic model, heliocentric, Earth is moving

Question 6

Tychonic view of the universe

Answer 6

Mercury and Venus revolved around the sun, combination of geo and helio models rest of the moons and planets revolved around Earth

Question 7

Facts and Characteristics of the traditional view of the universe prior to the Scientific Revolution

Answer 7

Ptolemaic system, geocentrism, above earth lay spheres and on the outer regions of these spheres lay the realms of God and the spheres moved stars and planets, believed that planets and stars moved backwards in Epicycles and Deferents

Question 8

Copernican system of the Universe

Answer 8

challenged the Ptolemaic model, of the universe and claims that the universe is heliocentric and that Earth was moving, still very wrong but epicycles were smaller, explained backward motion of planets and said that the further a planet was away the slower it revolved around Earth, provided new ideas

Question 9

Nicolaus copernicus’ contributions to the Scientific Revolution

Answer 9

on the Revolutions on the heavenly spheres, he establlished the heliocentric model and the fact that earith is moving, points out that physical cosmolofy and geocentrism is wrong= Intellectual springboard for future

Question 10

Tycho Brahe’s contributions to the Scientific Revolution

Answer 10

produced a vast body of astronomical data from which his sucessors could use, Tychonic system

Question 11

Johannes Kepler’s contributions to the Scientific Revolution

Answer 11

The new astronomy in which the elliptical orbit of planets was discussed , heliocentric model, solved problem about planetary movement, astronomical data was beneficial

Question 12

Facts about Issac Newton and his contributions to the Scientific Revolution

Answer 12

English, The Mathmatical Principles of Natural Philosphy in which he explained universal gravitation, believed in empiricism, laws of motion, created calculus

Question 13

Galileo’s literary works

Answer 13

Starry Messenger and Letters on Sunspots

Question 14

Galileo’s views on the universe

Answer 14

The universal was rational and could be explained through mathmatics

Question 15

Galileos major contributions to the Scientific Revolution

Answer 15

modified the telescope, sunspots, Jupiter’s moons, popularized the copernican system

Question 16

Mechanism and what natural philosphers believed it achieved

Answer 16

Mechanism removed much of the mystery of the world and the belief in divine purpose and concentrated on what was real

Question 17

Facts about Francis Bacon and his contributions to scientific inquiry

Answer 17

Father of empirisism, English, invented scientific method, The Advancement of Learning, Novum Organum, The New Atlantic, campioned Innocation and change, blieved logic should be applied to society, Inductibe Reasoning

Question 18

Descartes view of nature

Answer 18

I think therefore I am, God exists, belief in god= rational means, center of deductive reasoning

Question 19

Thomas Hobbes literary works and favored form of government

Answer 19

Levithan, absolutist government

Question 20

Thomas Hobbes Social Contract

Answer 20

contract entered between a ruler and the ruled that benefits everyone

Question 21

Thomas Hobbes view on humanity

Answer 21

he believed that all humans were naturally greedy and had no higher purpose other then when a ruler and group of people enter a social contract then it enables then to meet certain needs

Question 22

John Locke’s literary works

Answer 22

Two Treatises of Government, Letter concerning toleration, Essay concering Human Understanding

Question 23

John Locke’s social contract

Answer 23

government should protect people and society will remain stable

Question 24

John Locke’s view on the role of the government

Answer 24

they were responsible for the people and had to protect them

Question 25

John Locke’s views on people and their rights

Answer 25

peple had natural rights if the government didnt protect people they should rebel, people are naturally good

Question 26

Tabula Rasa

Answer 26

the idea in the Essay Concering Human Understanding that says everyone has their own mind and when people are born they born a blanksale and their experiences shape who they are

Question 27

Role of Women during the scientific revolution

Answer 27

hardly any woemn particapated in science except for women in the artisan class and noble women

Question 28

Fields of study in which Maria Winkelmann contributed to the scientific revolution

Answer 28

was apart of an astronomical team with her husband Gottfried Kirch, discovered a Comet rejected from Berlin Academy of Science due to her gender

Question 29

Trial of Galileo (1633)

Answer 29

reason of trial was whether he had disobeyed the mandate of 1616, he was condemned and required to renounce his views and was put under house arrest

Question 30

Blaise Pascal literary work

Answer 30

Pensees

Question 31

Blaise Pascal views on God and mankind

Answer 31

mankind is unworthy of God and God exists

Question 32

Blaise Pascal religious affiliation

Answer 32

Jansenists

Question 33

Blaise pascal opposition to groups of people and reasons

Answer 33

atheists and deists, they had overestimated reason and that reason was to weak to explain human nature and destiny

Question 34

Pascals famous wager

Answer 34

he claimed that its better to bbeliece God exits and to stake everything on it then not because if God exists the believer will gain everything and if not they would have lost nothing

Question 35

Physic-theology

Answer 35

belief that religon and science are compatible and go hand in hand explaining one another, religious understanding deducted from observing nature

Question 36

Causes of the Witch-Hunts

Answer 36

superstitions of Demons and Cults, Religious Division and war , popular belief in magic

Question 37

Results of Witch-Hunts and panic

Answer 37

70-100,000 were executed for witchcraft

Question 38

Targets Witchcraft

Answer 38

80% women, 40+ years old, single, midwives, herablists who claim to have powers that cure people

Question 39

Reasons for end of witch-hunts

Answer 39

scientific point of view, advances in medicine,rise of insurance companies and avalibility of lawyers= less need for magical cures, got out of hand= anarchy

Question 40

Emergence of Baroque Art

Answer 40

Papal Rome in Gian Lorenzo Berni’s work in St. Peter’s Basilica

Question 41

Characteristics of Baroque art and technique

Answer 41

naturalistic, sharp contrasts betwen light and dark, theatrical, draws believer into emotional involvement with the subject, religious and secular

Question 42

Baroque art

Answer 42

St. Teresa of Avila, Celiing of Banqueting Hall at Charles I palace in London

Question 43

Baroque Artists

Answer 43

Gian Lorenzo Berni, Peter Paul Rubens

Question 44

Baroque Monuments

Answer 44

St. Peters Basilica, Versaille, Capitals of German States, Imperial courts of Hapsburgs in Vienna