New Directions in Thought and Culture in the 16th and 17th Centuries, Chapter 14 Flashcards
Galileo and his views on how nature should be understood and explained
people have trouble understanding the Ptolemaic astrology and that based upon new found evidence of the world one needed a Copernican view of the world
17th century scientists
Tycho Brahe, Johanne Kepler, Issac Newton, Galileo, Francis Bacon
Characteristics and Descriptions of the Scientific Revolution
The long process that established the new view of the solar system, old ideas that were thought of in new ways and new discovreies, referred to as Natural Philosphers, very slow process, very few particapated, Scattered areas of study but concentrated on Astronomy
Ptolemaic view of the universe
combination of ideas, geocentrism, Atristotle and Ptolemy contributed, Catholic church said it was their doctrine, Epicycles and Deferents
Copernican view of the universe
challenged Ptolemaic model, heliocentric, Earth is moving
Tychonic view of the universe
Mercury and Venus revolved around the sun, combination of geo and helio models rest of the moons and planets revolved around Earth
Facts and Characteristics of the traditional view of the universe prior to the Scientific Revolution
Ptolemaic system, geocentrism, above earth lay spheres and on the outer regions of these spheres lay the realms of God and the spheres moved stars and planets, believed that planets and stars moved backwards in Epicycles and Deferents
Copernican system of the Universe
challenged the Ptolemaic model, of the universe and claims that the universe is heliocentric and that Earth was moving, still very wrong but epicycles were smaller, explained backward motion of planets and said that the further a planet was away the slower it revolved around Earth, provided new ideas
Nicolaus copernicus’ contributions to the Scientific Revolution
on the Revolutions on the heavenly spheres, he establlished the heliocentric model and the fact that earith is moving, points out that physical cosmolofy and geocentrism is wrong= Intellectual springboard for future
Tycho Brahe’s contributions to the Scientific Revolution
produced a vast body of astronomical data from which his sucessors could use, Tychonic system
Johannes Kepler’s contributions to the Scientific Revolution
The new astronomy in which the elliptical orbit of planets was discussed , heliocentric model, solved problem about planetary movement, astronomical data was beneficial
Facts about Issac Newton and his contributions to the Scientific Revolution
English, The Mathmatical Principles of Natural Philosphy in which he explained universal gravitation, believed in empiricism, laws of motion, created calculus
Galileo’s literary works
Starry Messenger and Letters on Sunspots
Galileo’s views on the universe
The universal was rational and could be explained through mathmatics
Galileos major contributions to the Scientific Revolution
modified the telescope, sunspots, Jupiter’s moons, popularized the copernican system
Mechanism and what natural philosphers believed it achieved
Mechanism removed much of the mystery of the world and the belief in divine purpose and concentrated on what was real
Facts about Francis Bacon and his contributions to scientific inquiry
Father of empirisism, English, invented scientific method, The Advancement of Learning, Novum Organum, The New Atlantic, campioned Innocation and change, blieved logic should be applied to society, Inductibe Reasoning
Descartes view of nature
I think therefore I am, God exists, belief in god= rational means, center of deductive reasoning
Thomas Hobbes literary works and favored form of government
Levithan, absolutist government
Thomas Hobbes Social Contract
contract entered between a ruler and the ruled that benefits everyone
Thomas Hobbes view on humanity
he believed that all humans were naturally greedy and had no higher purpose other then when a ruler and group of people enter a social contract then it enables then to meet certain needs
John Locke’s literary works
Two Treatises of Government, Letter concerning toleration, Essay concering Human Understanding
John Locke’s social contract
government should protect people and society will remain stable
John Locke’s view on the role of the government
they were responsible for the people and had to protect them
John Locke’s views on people and their rights
peple had natural rights if the government didnt protect people they should rebel, people are naturally good
Tabula Rasa
the idea in the Essay Concering Human Understanding that says everyone has their own mind and when people are born they born a blanksale and their experiences shape who they are
Role of Women during the scientific revolution
hardly any woemn particapated in science except for women in the artisan class and noble women
Fields of study in which Maria Winkelmann contributed to the scientific revolution
was apart of an astronomical team with her husband Gottfried Kirch, discovered a Comet rejected from Berlin Academy of Science due to her gender
Trial of Galileo (1633)
reason of trial was whether he had disobeyed the mandate of 1616, he was condemned and required to renounce his views and was put under house arrest
Blaise Pascal literary work
Pensees
Blaise Pascal views on God and mankind
mankind is unworthy of God and God exists
Blaise Pascal religious affiliation
Jansenists
Blaise pascal opposition to groups of people and reasons
atheists and deists, they had overestimated reason and that reason was to weak to explain human nature and destiny
Pascals famous wager
he claimed that its better to bbeliece God exits and to stake everything on it then not because if God exists the believer will gain everything and if not they would have lost nothing
Physic-theology
belief that religon and science are compatible and go hand in hand explaining one another, religious understanding deducted from observing nature
Causes of the Witch-Hunts
superstitions of Demons and Cults, Religious Division and war , popular belief in magic
Results of Witch-Hunts and panic
70-100,000 were executed for witchcraft
Targets Witchcraft
80% women, 40+ years old, single, midwives, herablists who claim to have powers that cure people
Reasons for end of witch-hunts
scientific point of view, advances in medicine,rise of insurance companies and avalibility of lawyers= less need for magical cures, got out of hand= anarchy
Emergence of Baroque Art
Papal Rome in Gian Lorenzo Berni’s work in St. Peter’s Basilica
Characteristics of Baroque art and technique
naturalistic, sharp contrasts betwen light and dark, theatrical, draws believer into emotional involvement with the subject, religious and secular
Baroque art
St. Teresa of Avila, Celiing of Banqueting Hall at Charles I palace in London
Baroque Artists
Gian Lorenzo Berni, Peter Paul Rubens
Baroque Monuments
St. Peters Basilica, Versaille, Capitals of German States, Imperial courts of Hapsburgs in Vienna
