Exploration, Chapter 10 Flashcards
Who is Prince Henry “The Navigator”?
Brother of the king of Portugal, captured the north African Muslim city of Ceuta, set in motion Portuguese exploration of the north African coast
What are the three main reasons for exploration?
Gold spices and religon
Why did they initially begin to capture slaves?
To trade with tribal chiefs for horses, grains and finished goods
Why did the Portuguese send Columbus to find the Indies?
They were trying to beat the Venetian Muslim monopoly by sailing directly to the source to get spices
Why did the Pope grant Portugese explorers the spoils of war (land, goods, slaves)?
It would lead to mass conversions and a mercantile advantage
Who is Batholomew Dias?
Pioneered eastern portugese empire after rounding the cape of good hope 1487
Who is Vasco de Gama?
Brought back spices worth sixty times the cost of the voyage
How long did it take for Columbus to reach San Salvador?
33 days
Where did Columbus think he was?
East Indies(Japan)
Why did Columbus think he was in the Indies?
Marco Polo’s travels
At what voyage did Columbus see his mistake?
Third
What group met Columbus? What was odd about them? What conclusion did Columcus come to?
Taino Indians, gave everything to the Spanish that they asked for, Columbus realized it would easy to enslave them
Who is Amerigo Vespucci?
America is named after them, explored South American coastline, helped prove Columbus was wrong
Who is Ferdinand Magellan?
Explored South American coastline, helped prove Columbus was wrong, nearly circumnavigate until he was killed in a skirmish with natives, his crew were the first to circumnavigate
What was the consequence of Columbus’s voyages?
Marked the beginning of three centuries of a vast Spanish empire in the Americas
What did the exploration become a vehicle for?
Explorers attempted to convert people to Christianity
What did explorations help finance?
Religious and.political wars of 16c and 17c, European wide economic expansion
European Expansion resulted in what form of change?
Biological, trade of plants between America and Europe
What two major illness killed large amounts of Indians?
Measles and Smallpox
What disease did Europeans get from the natives?
Syphilis
What two major tribes dominated the Spanish Empire?
Aztecs and Incas
What century did Aztecs first appear and when did they expand?
12th century, 1428
Did the Aztecs request heavy tribute or work on a regular basis?
Heavy tribute, goods labor and sacrifice, fear. And resentment of subjects
Who landed in Mexico to conquest the Aztec empire? Who was the Aztec emperor and what did he think the conquistadors was?
Hernan Cortes, Moctezuma II, Quetzalcoatl
How did the Aztecs appease Hernan Cortes? Did he respect the alliance?
Gave him gold, no he abandoned it
Who are the Tlaxcala?
Independent State and traditional enemy of the Aztecs, Cortes made an alliance with them
What occurred at the March on Tenochtitlan?
Cortes and his forces marched on Tenochtitlan where at first Moctezuma welcomed him, Cortes seized Moctezuma who died in unexplained circumstances
Did the Aztecs accept the Spaniards?
No the Spaniards were nearly wiped out
Who were the Aztecs last ruler? And what year did they finally give in to the Spanish rule?
Cuauhtemoc and 1521
What did Cortes do with the capital city, Tenochtitlan?
He destroyed it and built his own city over the ruins and proclaimed the Aztec empire new spain
What century did the Incas begin to expand?
15 century
Did the Incas demand heavy tribute or compel their subjects to work for the state on a regular basis?
Compel subjects to work for the state on a regular basis
Who is Francisco Pizarro?
Landed on the west coast of South America, inspired by Hernan Cortes
Who was the Incan’s ruler and what was his ultimate fate?
Stanhope, he was lured into a conference by Pizarro, (Pizarro killed hundreds of his followers), he was eventually executed in 1533
What was the Incan capital, when was it captured and when did In can resistance end?
Cisco,1533, and the 1570s
Overall what did the Spanish conquests mark the beginning of?
South America to Latin America
What did the first explorers bring with them in hopes of imposing Catholic views and European life on the natives? As well did they approve of the explorers method of conquest?
Roman Catholic Priests and no they disapproved of the harsh conditions imposed on the natives
Who was Bartolome de Las Casas?
Dominican, very critical of the methods of Spanish conquest, believed that conquest was not necessary for conversion, resulted in royal regulations to protect natives in 1550, his writings led to the Black legend
What was the Black legend?
Belief based off of La Casas’s writings that all Spanish conquest was cruel, exaggerated
Due to royal grants after a Catholic member died in the new world the church became a___________
Landowner
In the Kate eighteenth century the Catholic church became What kind of force in Latin America?
Conservative
What was consequence of exploration on the economy?
Native Americans and their land were forced into the world of European commercialism and the Atlantic economy, forced labor
What were three major aspects of the colonial economy?
Mining, agriculture and shipping
What did conquistadors initially want and what did they end up figuring out were the wealth was?
Gold and silver
What were the centers of mining?
Potosi Peru and small cities in northern Mexico
How much did the Spanish crown receive of the mining revenues?
1/5
What is a hacienda?
Largeestate owned by a Spaniards or Creole, workers tended to have legal binding to owner
What did a lot of the agriculture produce for?
Food for mining areas and leather goods used in mining machinery
Characteristics of west Indies plantation?
Black slaves and they produced sugar
Urbane service occupations offered at this time?
Government offices, legal professions and shipping
What did the Spanish in the new world decide to use as a labor force?
Native population
What is the ecomienda? When did it begin to decline and why?
Grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians for a period of time, 16th century due to the fear that the holders might become too powerful
What is the repartimiento?
Came after the ecomienda, it required adult male Indians to devote a number of days annually Spanish economic enterprises, often called the must or labor tax, very harsh many died
With the introduction of more free labor what came along with it?
Debt peonage, forced natives to buy products from landowners or miners
How much did new Spain’s population drop in one generation?
28 to 2 million people
Why did more skepticism emerge during this time?
People begin to doubt already known knowledge due to all these new discoveries
Was Columbus looked down upon due to his treatment of the natives?
No he was later lionized for bringing about civilization, morality, cooperation, peace
What was the impact of more spices and more precious metals?
Inflation
What did all this new wealth bring about?
More research and expansion in printing, shipping, mining, textile and weapons
What form of economy began to emerge?
Capitalism
New wealth and industry expansion led to?
Higher expectations of both the poor and ambitious plus the wealthier class became more resistant to reform
All of this change led to more________ and __________
Social divisions and reform
