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Anatomy > Test2Embryo > Flashcards

Test2Embryo Flashcards

1
Q

4 Regions of Gut

A

Pharynx/Foregut/Midgut/Hindgut

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2
Q

6 Foregut Structures

A

Esophagus, stomach, proximal duodenum, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

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3
Q

4 Midgut Structures

A

Distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, proximal colon

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4
Q

2 Hindgut Structures

A

Distal colon, anorectal canal

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5
Q

Initial Gut Tube Structural Differentiation Mech

A

Gradient of retinoic acid (low to high) activates TFs specific for each region

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6
Q

Initial Regional Specificiation Stabilization Mech

A

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions as SHH from gut endoderm induces segmental expression of HOX genes in surrounding mesoderm, which induce endoderm to form specific regions

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7
Q

Liver Formation

A

Entire gut has ability to form it, but pathway blocked unless factors from adjacent cardiac mesoderm release inhibition

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8
Q

Ventral pancreas bud

A

Forms ventral head and uncinate process

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9
Q

Dorsal Pancreas bud

A

forms all parts of pancreas except ventral head and uncinate process

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10
Q

Pancreatic duct formation

A

Main pancreatic duct (Wirsung) formed by fusion of dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts, while an accessory minor duct (Sartorini) is common

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11
Q

Annular Pancreas

A

Ventral pancreas can form a ring around duodenum, potentially resulting in duodenal stenosis

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12
Q

Formation of Omental Bursa

A

Stomach carries dorsal mesogastrium with it as it rotates in later development

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13
Q

2 Stomach Rotations (in order)

A

Vertical around longitudinal rotation axis, and then clockwise around anteroposterior axis

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14
Q

Positioning of Pancreas and Spleen

A

Rotation of dorsal mesogastrium pushes them to the left side, pressing pancreas into posterior abdominal wall making it secondary retroperitoneal

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15
Q

Formation of Greater Omentum

A

Two omental bursa walls hanging down anteriorly fuse

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16
Q

Positioning of Proximal Duodenum

A

Initially in middle, gut rotation swings it to left and retroperitoneally

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17
Q

Midgut Rotation

A

270 degrees counterclockwise, with 90 deg occurring during umbilical herniation and remaining 180 during return to abdomen. Places transverse colon in front of duodenum

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18
Q

2 Abormal Rotations of Primitive Intestinal Loop

A

Incomplete CCW Rotation - SI entirely on right and LI entirely on left, transverse colon forms “U”
Incorrect CW Rotation - Duodenum passes over transverse colon

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19
Q

Omphalocele

A

Failure of intestinal loops to return to abdominal cavity

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20
Q

Gastroschisis

A

Protrusion of abdominal contents through body wall directly into amniotic cavity

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21
Q

Two Bowel Defects

A

Atresias (absence) and stenosis (narrowing)

22
Q

Vitelline Duct

A

Persistent connection b/w intestinal loop and yolk sac

23
Q

3 Aberrant Remnants of Vitelline Duct

A

Meckel’s diverticulum (1 vitelline ligament), vitelline cyst (2), and vitelline fistula (0)

24
Q

Formation of Urorectal Septum and Hindgut

A

5 weeks: Urinary tract drains into hindgut drains into cloacal membrane
7 weeks: Primitive urogenital sinus and hindgut drain into common proctoderm
8 weeks: Urogenital and anal membranes separately drain, separated by perineal body

25
Q

4 Hindgut Abnormalities

A

Urorectal fistula, rectovaginal fistula, rectal atresia, and imperforate anus

26
Q

Specification of Intermediate Mesoderm

A

Paraxial mesoderm stimulates TF expression in intermediate mesoderm which is essential for further kidney development

27
Q

3 Structures which Develop in Intermediate Mesoderm at closing of Internal Coelomic Cavity

A

Mesonephric duct, nephric tubules, and glomeruli

28
Q

3 Sequential Urinary Systems

A

Pronephros - never functional
Mesonephros - functional during 2nd month
Metanephros - produce urine by 12th week

29
Q

Primitive Nephron Formation

A

Mesonephric mesenchyme forms segmental tubules that connect serially with adjacent mesonephric duct

30
Q

Mesonephros

A

Transiently functional nephrons with glomeruli but no loops of Henle, can’t so can’t concentrate urine (or make a lot of urine)

31
Q

Metanephric Kidney Formation

A

Sequential factors released from tips of collecting tubules/tissue caps/metanephric blastema interact to produce ureteric bud outgrowth, which form tubules

32
Q

Tubule Formation Tissue Conversion

A

Continuous, sequential conversion of mesenchyme into epithelium

33
Q

Ureteric Bud Subdivision

A

Forms many collecting tubules draining developing nephrons in cortex

34
Q

Ascent of the Kidney

A

Originally in pelvis, ascends to higher position as caudal end of embryo grows and ureters elongate

35
Q

2 Abnormalities in Kidney Ascension

A 
Pelvic Kidney (1 or 2)
Horseshoe kidney prevents rising about IMA
36
Q

3 Ureter Abnormalities

A

Double and Partial-Double Ureters

Ectopic openings of ureters

37
Q

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

A

Progressive; cysts form in collecting ducts. Kidneys become large and fail in infancy/childhood

38
Q

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

A

Cysts form in all segments of nephrons, renal failure in adulthood

39
Q

Urorectal Septum

A

Intrudes into cloaca and divides it into urogenital sinus and anorectal canal

40
Q

Ureter/Mesonephric Duct Migration

A

Ureters to top of trigone and mesonephric ducts to bottom, which will eventually become prostate

41
Q

Urogenital development in males

A

Prostate buds from urethra and caudal mesonephric duct persists to form seminal vesicles and ductus deferens

42
Q

Allantois Persistence

A

Can form either urachal fistula, cyst, or sinus

43
Q

Bladder Exstrophy

A

Part of bladder exists outside body

44
Q

Sex Determination

A

SRY gene on Y chromosome, produces testis determining factor in which male development occurs, on in absence female development occurs

45
Q

Genital/Gonadal Ridges

A

Form along mesonephric ridges on both sides of dorsal mesentery and primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sacs to them

46
Q

Primitive Sex Cords

A

In ridge and penetrate into surface, allowing migration of primordial germ cells. While retaining connection with surface, male/female gonads can’t be distinguished

47
Q

3 SRY Gene Influences on Gonadal Development

A

Testis: Medullary cords develop, no cortical cords, thick tunica albuginea
Ovary: Medullary cords degenerate, cortical cords develop, no tunica albuginea

48
Q

Interstitial Cells of Leydig

A

Line testis cords and produce testosterone, influencing sexual differentiation of genital ducts and external genitalia

49
Q

Testes Duct System Derivation

A

Mesonephric duct

50
Q

Uterine Tube Derivation

A

Paramesonephric ducts

Anatomy (28 decks)

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