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Question 1

External Occipital Protuberance

Answer 1

Point coming off occipit where most neck muscles end

Question 2

Vertebrae Prominens

Answer 2

Seventh cervical vertebrae, superficially prominent

Question 3

Ligamentum Nuchae

Answer 3

Runs over top/back of cervical vertebrae, line running down center of neck

Question 4

4 Landmark Vertebral Levels

Answer 4

T3 - spine of scapula
T7 - inferior angle of scapula
L4 - crest of ilium
S2 - Posterior superior iliac spine

Question 5

Fused Vertebrae (2)

Answer 5

5 fused sacral

4 partially-fused coccygeal

Question 6

Primary vs. Compensatory Curvature

Answer 6

Primary - from birth, seen in other animals, kyphotic

Compensatory - for upright walking, lordotic

Question 7

2 Primary Curves

Answer 7

Thoracic and sacrococcygeal are posteriorly-curved

Question 8

2 Compensatory Curves

Answer 8

Cerivical and lumbar are anteriorly-curved

Question 9

Superior and Inferior Articular Processes

Answer 9

Spots on vertebral body where one vertebrae meets next

Question 10

Bifid Processes

Answer 10

Bifurcation at very end of spinous processes on cervical vertebrae (except C7?)

Question 11

Contents of C7 vertebral foramen

Answer 11

Nothing

Question 12

Projection of Thoracic Vertebral Spinous Processes

Answer 12

More inferiorly

Question 13

Intervertebral Disc structure (2)

Answer 13

Annulus fibrosus w/ nucleus pulposus in center

Question 14

Function of Intervertebral Discs

Answer 14

Shock absorbers

Question 15

3 Ligaments Holding Spine together (Superficial-deep)

Answer 15

Supraspinal - over the spine
Interspinal - b/w vertebrae
Ligamenta flava - connecting lamina

Question 16

Longitudinal Ligaments (2)

Answer 16

Run on either side of vertebrae, post. and ant.

Question 17

Dorsal Rami Medial Branch (2)

Answer 17

Above T6: muscular and cutaneous

Below T6: just muscular

Question 18

Dorsal Rami Lateral Branch (2)

Answer 18

Above T6: just muscular

Below T6: muscular and cutaneous

Question 19

Fibers in Dorsal Rami (2)

Answer 19

Sensory and postgang sympathetics

Question 20

Serratus Posterior

Answer 20

Respiratory muscles that run from vertebrae to ribs

Question 21

Superior m. of Serratus Posterior

Answer 21

Run under rhomboids m.s to pull ribs up

Question 22

Inferior m. of Serratus posterior

Answer 22

Run from lower back to ribs to pull them down

Question 23

Superior m. of Serratus Posterior Innervation

Answer 23

Thoracic n.s of T1-4

Question 24

Inferior m. of Serratus Posterior Innervation

Answer 24

Thoracic n.s of T8-12

Question 25

Erector Spinae Muscles (intrinsic back muscles) (5)

Answer 25

Splenius m. Longitudinal group - iliocostalis m., longissimus m., spinalis m. Transversospinal group

Question 26

Primary Actions of Deep Muscles of Back

Answer 26

Stabilize and allow motion of vertebral column

Question 27

Splenius m.

Answer 27

Bandage muscle wrapping around neck

Question 28

Iliocostalis m. (2)

Answer 28

Most lateral of longitudinal group, runs from ilium to ribs

Question 29

Longissimus m. (2)

Answer 29

In the middle, long and thin

Question 30

Spinalis m.

Answer 30

Right next to spine

Question 31

Innervation of Longitudinal Deep Back Muscles

Answer 31

Dorsal primary rami

Question 32

Transversospinal group

Answer 32

Run between vertebral processes/ribs

Question 33

6 Coverings of Spinal Cord (Meninges) Ext.-Int.

Answer 33

``` Epidural space Dura mater Subdural space Arachnoid Subarachnoid space Pia mater ```

Question 34

2 Epidural Space Contents

Answer 34

Internal vertebral venous plexus | Fat

Question 35

Epidural Space Location

Answer 35

Between dura mater and bone

Question 36

Filamentous Dura Mater

Answer 36

At S2 because spinal cord ends before vertebral column does

Question 37

Subdural Space (2)

Answer 37

Potential space w/ lymphatics, often not really in spinal cord

Question 38

Filum terminale externum

Answer 38

Ending of arachnoid at S2

Question 39

3 Contents of Subarachnoid Space and 1 Clinical Consideration

Answer 39

Cerebrospinal Fluid Major blood vessels to spinal cord Spinal nerve roots Site of lumbar puncture

Question 40

Dentate Ligaments (Denticulate)

Answer 40

Extensions of pia mater that come off spinal cord and go to dura mater to help support spinal cord

Question 41

Filum terminale internum

Answer 41

Ending of pia mater at L2

Question 42

Ending of Spinal Cord

Answer 42

L1 or L2

Question 43

Two Enlargements of Spinal Cord and reason

Answer 43

Cervical and lumbar because upper and lower extremity nerve roots require a lot of cell bodies

Question 44

of Spinal Nerve Roots/Spinal Segments (5)

Answer 44

``` 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 cervical 1 coccygeal ```

Question 45

Conus Medullaris

Answer 45

Widening at end of spinal cord

Question 46

Cauda equina

Answer 46

"Horse's tail" of nerve rootlets that continue down vertebral column after spinal cord ends at L2

Question 47

Location for Cerebrospinal Fluid Extraction

Answer 47

Below L2 (L4 or L5 level) because no spinal cord there but still CSF for nerve rootlets

Question 48

Joining of Dorsal and Ventral Root (location and trend)

Answer 48

In intervertebral canal | Roots are longer at inferior end of spinal cord

Question 49

Dermatome of Skull

Answer 49

C2

Question 50

C1 Nerve

Answer 50

Strictly motor, no dermatome

Question 51

Vertebral Arteries (3)

Answer 51

Supply upper part of spinal cord Anterior spinal arteries fuse Posterior spinal arteries supply dorsal roots

Question 52

Radicular Arteries

Answer 52

Small arteries given off by spinal a.s to supply spinal n.s

Question 53

Herniated Disc

Answer 53

Intervertebral disc pushes out posteriorly and pinches lower nerves coming out (so L4 disc can affect L5 nerve)

Question 54

Lumbar Puncture

Answer 54

Have person curled/bent, send needle to subarachnoid space and check CSF for meningitis

Question 55

Lesser Occipital Nerve

Answer 55

Runs right behind sternocleidomastoid m. on top of splenius capitis

Question 56

4 Muscles of Occipital Triangle

Answer 56

Rectus capitis posterior m.s - superomedial (minor moreso than major) Obliquus capitis m.s - inferior below rectus capitis posterior maj and superior kind of crossing area vertically

Question 57

Insertion of Occipital Triangle Muscles

Answer 57

Inferior nuchal line (except obliquus capitis inferior?)

Question 58

Greater Occipital Nerve

Answer 58

C2 nerve that runs around obliquus capitis inferior m. and goes up and supplies innervation to back of head

Question 59

Transverse Foramen

Answer 59

Triangular space b/w obliquus capitis inferior, obliquus capitis superior, and rectus capitis posterior major

Question 60

2 Transverse Foramen Contents

Answer 60

Vertebral a. | Suboccipital n.

Question 61

Innervation of Occipital Triangle Muscles

Answer 61

Suboccipital n.

Question 62

Occipital a.

Answer 62

Comes out laterally from obliquus capitis superior and curves to run w/ greater occipital n. and supply back of scalp