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Anatomy > FinalEmbryo > Flashcards

FinalEmbryo Flashcards

1
Q

2 Sections of 1st Pharyngeal Arch

A

Maxillary and mandibular prominences

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2
Q

Stomodeum

A

Primitive oral cavity derived from ectoderm kind of in maxillary prominence of 1st pharyngeal arch

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3
Q

Cranial Neural Crest Cells Action

A

Systematically populate areas forming face and pharyngeal arches

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4
Q

6 Derivatives of Neural Crest Cells

A 
Connective tissue/bones of face and skull
Cranial n.s
Sympathetic ganglia
Cells of thyroid gland
Odontoblasts
Dermis in face/neck
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5
Q

4 Components of Each Pharyngeal Arch

A

1) Mesenchymal core derived from mesoderm and neural crest
2) an artery
3) a cranial nerve
4) Specific muscular & skeletal contributions to head and neck

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6
Q

Primitive Aorta Branches Development

A

In the pharyngeal arch mesenchyme b/w pouches of the pharynx

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7
Q

4.2 Cranial Nerve Pharyngeal Arch Origins

A

1st arch: V
2nd arch: VII
3rd arch: IX
4th and 6th arches: X (& cranial parts of spinal accessory XI)

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8
Q

Arch Cartilages

A

Participate in bone formation in head/neck

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9
Q

3 Derivations from Maxillary Process of 1st Arch

A

Maxilla, zygomatic process, part of temporal bone

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10
Q

4 Derivations from Mandibular Process of 1st Arch

A

Meckel’s cartilage gives rise to intra-membranous mandibular bone, incus, and malleus

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11
Q

6 Derivations from 2nd Pharyngeal Arch

A

Reichart’s cartilage gives rise to stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, and lesser horn/upper body of hyoid bone

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12
Q

3rd Arch 2 Derivations

A

Lower body and greater horn of hyoid bone

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13
Q

4th/6th arch Derivations

A

Laryngeal cartilages

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14
Q

Difference b/w Pharyngeal Clefts and Pouches

A

Clefts invaginating in from outside, pouches invaginating out from inside

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15
Q

4 Derivations of Pharyngeal Pouches/Arches

A

Tympanic cavity
Palatine tonsils
Thymus
Endocrine glands

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16
Q

4 Migrating Pharyngeal Structures

A

Thyroid, thymus, parathyroids, and ultimobranchial bodies

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17
Q

Parathyroid gland migration

A

Glands from 3rd pouch migrate past those from 4th pouch to become the inferior parathyroid glands

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18
Q

Foramen cecum

A

Where thyroid migrates from

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19
Q

Cervical cysts/fistulas (2)

A

Originate from embryonic clefts and reflect original positioning of branchial clefts

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20
Q

2 Remnants/Complications of Thyroid Migration

A

Thyroglossal cysts - can be anywhere, 50% near hyoid though

Aberrant thyroid tissue - can remain anywhere, subject to same diseases as main body

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21
Q

Tongue Formation

A

Consecutive regions develop front to back from tissues associated w/ 1st through 4th arches, explaining the V, VII, IX, X sensory pattern

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22
Q

5 Prominences of Face Development

A
  1. Frontonasal
    2-3. Medial and lateral nasal
  2. Maxillary
  3. Mandibular
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23
Q

Primary Palate Formation (action and 4 derivations)

A

Midline fusion of median nasal prominences (intermaxillary segment) contributes to philtrum of upper lip, upper jaw and 4 incisors, and primary palatal triangle

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24
Q

Secondary Palate Formation Process (3)

A

1) Palatine shelves initially grow downward on either side of tongue
2) Tongue moves down and palatal shelves reach a horizontal position above it (w/out any fusion). Nasal septum grows down from above
3) Palatal shelves fuse with each other, primary septum, and nasal septum

25
Q

Anterior Clefts

A

Result from failed fusion of maxillary prominences with lateral or medial nasal prominences

26
Q

Posterior Clefts

A

From failure of palatine shelves to fuse

27
Q

Anterior and Posterior Cleft Exclusivity

A

None, can occur together

28
Q

Facial Cleft Path

A

Follow track of nasolacrimal duct

29
Q

Midline Cleft

A

Relatively rare and associated w/ mental retardation and brain abnormalities

30
Q

Most Dangerous Time for Birth Defects

A

3-8 weeks as organ systems developing

31
Q

4 Factors Used to Assess Growth Rate via US

A

CR length, biparietal diameter of skull, abdominal circumference, and femur length

32
Q

Normal Size Range at Delivery

A

2500-4000 g (6-9 lbs) and CRL of 51 cm (20 inches)

33
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Chromosomal test done withdrawing 20-30 mL of amniotic fluid and thus only done after 14 weeks gestation

34
Q

Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) (3)

A

Infants who do not obtain optimal intrauterine growth, are pathologically small, and are at risk for poor outcomes

35
Q

Small for Gestation Age (SGA) (2)

A

Below 10th percentile for their gestational age. May have IUGR or may just be small/healthy, need to distinguish so as to not subject to IUGR protocol

36
Q

Rubella

A

Viral teratogen now controlled by vaccine

37
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

Serious problematic viral teratogen w/ asymptomatic mothers and ill/defect/dying infants

38
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Viral teratogen w/ brain defects that present immediately or later

39
Q

Ionizing Radiation

A

Physical teratogen that can cause almost any defect depending on dose/stage of development

40
Q

Thalidomide 2 Modern Uses

A

Immunomodulatory agent for AIDS and cancer

41
Q

Thalidomide Teratogenic Effects (4)

A

Limb and heart defects
Intellectual disability
GI/Uro defects

42
Q

FASD

A

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, incorporates entire range of alcohol-related disorders w/ FAS being most severe

43
Q

FAS 3 Effects

A

Structural defects
Growth deficiency
Intellectual deficiency

44
Q

Alcohol-related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)

A

Region of FASD spectrum involving CNS that doesn’t meet criteria for FAS

45
Q

Diethyl Stilbesterol (DES)

A

Endocrine teratogen - Synthetic estrogen used to prevent abortion, shown with reproductive organ malformation more severe in females

46
Q

Modern Environmental Estrogens Exposures/Effects

A

Industrial chemicals/pesticides and affect sexual development, both anatomical and behavioral

47
Q

Spinal Bifida

A

Neural tube defect failure of vertebral/spinal cord fusion, ranging from mild asymptomatic failure of sacral fusion to complete splaying of spinal cord

48
Q

Failure of Cranial Neural Tube Closure

A

Leads to anencephaly w/ failure of both brain/cranium to develop

49
Q

Folic Acid

A

Reduces occurrence of NTDs by 50-70%

50
Q

5 Circulation Changes at Birth

A

Closure of umbilical arteries, umbilical vein, ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus, and foramen ovale

51
Q

Apgar Score 5 Criteria

A 
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
52
Q

Apgar Score Times

A

Taken on 1st and 5th minute and later on if necessary

53
Q

Apgar Apperance

A

Skin color/complexion - blue to no blue (0-2)

54
Q

Apgar Pulse

A

Pulse rate, below 60 to over 100 (0-2)

55
Q

Apgar Grimace

A

Reflex irratibility, no response to stimulation to sneeze/cough/pull away after stimulation (0-2)

56
Q

Apgar Activity

A

Muscle tone - none to active movement (0-2)

57
Q

Apgar Respiration

A

Breathing - absent to strong (0-2)

58
Q

Apgar Grading Scale

A

<3 - critically low
4-6 - fairly low
7+ - generally normal

59
Q

Apgar Interpretations

A

Critically low after 10/15/20 minutes may show increase risk of long-term neurological damage or cerebral palsy, but it doesn’t necessarily make long-term predictions on child’s health

Anatomy (28 decks)

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