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anatomy and physiology > test 3 the skeletal system > Flashcards

test 3 the skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

two main parts of the skeleton

A

axial and appendicular

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2
Q

what is the axial part of the skelton

A

runs down the middle

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3
Q

3 parts of the axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, thorax

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4
Q

3 parts of the appendicular skelteon

A

limbs, pelvic griddle, shoulder griddle

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5
Q

wha is the appendicular part of the skeleton

A

branches off the middle

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6
Q

what are the two main types of bones

A

compact bones and spongy bone

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7
Q

what is compact bone

A

makes up the outside of most bones

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8
Q

what is the compact bone filled with

A

solidly filled with matrix

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9
Q

which of the two bone types is the most common

A

compact bone

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10
Q

what is spongy bone

A

makes up the inside of most bones

has many holes inside

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11
Q

where is spongy bone found

A

in the marrow area of bones

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12
Q

what are the 5 shapes of bone

A

long, shorts, flat, sesamoid, irregular

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13
Q

what are long bones

A

“standard” idea of a bone that are longer than they are thick

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14
Q

standard bones are the most important part of what

A

skeletal movement

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15
Q

what are the three parts of long bones

A

epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis

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16
Q

what is the epiphysis

A

head, had red marrow

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17
Q

what is the metaphysis

A

“growth plate”

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18
Q

what is the diaphysis

A

shaft, has white marrow

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19
Q

what else are long bones important for

A

support

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20
Q

how do long bones grow longer

A

metaphysis: in young bones it is made of cartilage and creates new bone on diaphyseal side and cartilage on epiphyseal side.

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21
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate

A

the growth plate

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22
Q

what happens once the bone has stopped growing

A

it ossifies and turns into an epiphyseal line

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23
Q

what is ossifying

A

cartilage turns to bone

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24
Q

what are the long bones in your arm

A

the radius: forearm lateral in anatomical position
the ulna: forearm, medial in anatomical position
the humerus: upper arm bone

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25
Q

what are the long bones in your leg

A

femur: thigh area, longest and strongest bone in the body
tibia: “shinbone”, bears most weight of any bone
fibula: lateral to tibia, dosen’t bear weight

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26
Q

what are the long bones in your hand

A

metacarpals, phalanges

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27
Q

how many phalanges in the body

A

56

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28
Q

what are metacarpals

A

longer bones that connect to wrist, 5 of them in hand

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29
Q

what are phalanges

A

shorter bones, 3 on each finger except on thumb (pollex) , which has 2

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30
Q

hand numbering

A

pinky finger= 5

thumb = 1

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31
Q

furthest phalanx

A

distal

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32
Q

closest phalanx

A

proximal

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33
Q

what are the long bones of the foot

A

the metatarsals and phalanges

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34
Q

what are metatarsals

A

longer bones that connect to the ankle, there are 5 of them

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35
Q

what are the phalanges (foot)

A

shorter bones-3 on each toe except on big toe (hallux) which has 2

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36
Q

foot numbering

A

pinky toe= 5, big toe = 1

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37
Q

(foot) what is the furthest phalanx

A

distal

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38
Q

(foot) closest phalanx

A

proximal

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39
Q

what is the clavicle

A

the collarbone an the most commonly broken bone

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40
Q

what is the first bone to begin ossification

A

the clavicle

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41
Q

last bone to finish ossification

A

clavicle

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42
Q

what are short bones

A

as wide as they are lomg

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43
Q

what do short bones do

A

provide structure and support but little movement

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44
Q

wrist/hand bones?

A

8 carpals

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45
Q

foot/ankle bones

A

7 tarsals

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46
Q

what are flat bones

A

bones that are flat in shape they are predominantly for protection

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47
Q

what are the 3 bones of the pelvis

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

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48
Q

what is another flat bone example

A

skull, ribs and sternum, pelvis, scapula

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49
Q

how are ribs numbered

A

from top to bottom

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50
Q

how are ribs attached to the sternum

A

costal cartilage

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51
Q

how many ribs are true

A

1-7

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52
Q

how many ribs are false

A

8-12 rbs

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53
Q

what are false ribs

A

connect to rib #7

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54
Q

what are floating ribs

A

ribs that do not connect to the sternum at

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55
Q

which ribs are floating ribs

A

1 and 12

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56
Q

what is the xiphoid process

A

flat projection at the base of sternum

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57
Q

what is the scapula

A

the shoulder base

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58
Q

what are sesamoid bones

A

flattish bones embedded in a tendon or muscle

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59
Q

the most basic example of sesamoid bones

A

the kneecap (patella)

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60
Q

how do sesamoid bones generally grow

A

in response to stress or strain in a tendon

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61
Q

where are sesamoid bones often found

A

in toes

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62
Q

do sesamoid bones vary by person

A

yes

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63
Q

what are irregular bones

A

bones with shapes that don’t fall into another category

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64
Q

examples of irregular bone

A

vertebrae in back
many lower facial bones
hypoid bone in neck that connects tongue

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65
Q

how many vertebrae make up your spine

A

33

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66
Q

what are the 5 different kinds of vertebrae

A 
cervical 
thoracic 
lumbar
sacral
coccyx
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67
Q

cervical

A

7 of them

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68
Q

thoracic

A

12 of them, each articulates with a rib

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69
Q

lumbar

A

5 of them

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70
Q

sacral

A

5 of them fused together

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71
Q

coccyx

A

4 of them fused together

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72
Q

each vertebra has a similar body

A
  • body
  • canal
  • processes
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73
Q

body of vertebra

A

bears weight

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74
Q

canal of vertebra

A

allows spinal cord to pass

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75
Q

processes of vertebra

A

allow muscle attachment

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76
Q

how does the spine generally run

A

straight dow n the midline and has a slight S shape

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77
Q

what are the 3 common deformities

A

scoliosis
kyphosis
lordosis

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78
Q

what is scoliosis

A

side-to-side sway

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79
Q

what is kyphosis

A

forward bend of T and S regions

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80
Q

what is lordosis

A

backward bend of L and C regions

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81
Q

what are joints

A

where bones meet other bones

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82
Q

how may joints in the body

A

over 200

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83
Q

how are joints sorted

A

by how much they move

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84
Q

three things joints can be

A

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

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85
Q

what is singular synarthroses

A

synarthrosis

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86
Q

what are synarthroses

A

immovable joints,

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87
Q

what are amphiarthroses

A

aka slightly movable joints

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88
Q

example of synarthroses

A

plates of skull fuse together

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89
Q

example of amphiarthroses

A

connections between vertebrae in back

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90
Q

what are diarthroses

A

freely movable joints

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91
Q

diarthroses are filled with what in synovial joints

A

a liquid called synovial fluid

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92
Q

what does synovial fluid do

A

lubricate the joint

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93
Q

what is synovial fluid held in by

A

cartilage

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94
Q

what can synovial fluid become

A

infected like septic arthritis or filled with blood like hemorrhagic arthritis

95
Q

what is cracking joints

A

popping of small air bubble that forms in synovial fluid when pressure quickly changes

96
Q

what is cracking joints not linked to

A

arthritis or joint problems

97
Q

what do plane joints allow

A

gliding or rotating motion

98
Q

what are plane joints

A

two flat surfaces against each other

99
Q

where are plane joints found

A

between carpals, tarsals

100
Q

what do hinge joints allow

A

movement across one plane

101
Q

howdo hinge joints work

A

cylinder rolls in U shape

102
Q

6 shapes of Diarthrotic Joints

A 
plane
hinge
pivot
condyloid
saddle
ball and Socket
103
Q

examples of hinge joints

A

elbow, knee, joints between phalanges

104
Q

what do pivot joints alow

A

rotation around one plane

105
Q

what is a pivot joint

A

a circle in a bigger circle

106
Q

examples of pivot joint s

A

radius/ulna, top two vertebrae of neck

107
Q

what do condyloid joints allow

A

front/back and side/ side movement

108
Q

what are condyloid joints like

A

egg in sock

109
Q

examples of condyloid joints

A

proximal phalanx/ metacarpal

110
Q

what do saddle joints allow

A

allows front/back and side/side movement, but not easily both together

111
Q

what do saddle joints look like

A

two saddles on each other

112
Q

examples of saddle joints

A

trapeziometacarpal joint in thumb between first metacarpal and carpal, gives us opposable thumbs

113
Q

what do ball and socket joints allow

A

motion in full circle, plus rotation

114
Q

what do ball and socket joints look like

A

a ball in a socket

115
Q

example of ball and socket joints

A

humerus in shoulder, femurs in hip

116
Q

what are ligaments tendons and and fasciae made of

A

primarily collagen

117
Q

what do ligaments do

A

connect bone to bone

118
Q

what do tendons do

A

connects bone to muscle

119
Q

what do fasciae do

A

connects muscle to muscle

120
Q

what is a sprain

A

a damaged or torn ligament

121
Q

what is a first degree sprain

A

some damage

122
Q

what is a second degree sprain

A

partial tear

123
Q

what is a third degree sprain

A

a full tear

124
Q

what happens in third degree sprains

A

the joint runs high risk of dislocation

125
Q

what is tendonitis

A

the acute (sudden) inflammation of a tendon

126
Q

why does tendonitis happen

A

because of repeated motion , leading to slight tearing in the tendon, can also happen because of bone deformation that causes unnecessary abrasion against the tendon

127
Q

what is tendonosis

A

tendonitis that lingers for years

128
Q

where can tendonitis happen

A

all over the body because tendons are all around the body

129
Q

what are the common affected by tendonitis

A

elbow, patellar tendon, achilles tendon, rotator cuff

130
Q

tendons and ligaments are what tissue

A

dense connective tissue

131
Q

how are the tissues of tendons and ligaments

A

lot of matrix composed of parallel collagen and elastin along with some cells called fibroblasts

132
Q

what do fibroblasts do in tendons and ligaments

A

maintain the matrix

133
Q

what does healthy tendon or ligament look like

A

much collagen and elastin in parallel lines/waves, few cells

134
Q

what does damaged tendon/ligament look like

A

much collagen/elastin but not as taut, many more cells

135
Q

what is the difference between a break, a crack, and a fracture

A

nothing, they all mean the same thing the bone’s integrity has been compromised

136
Q

breaks can be what one of two things

A

closed fractures, or open fractures

137
Q

what are closed fractures

A

do NOT pierce the skin

138
Q

what are open fractures

A

do pierce the skin

139
Q

what are the types of fractures

A
  • stress fracture
  • greenstick fracture
  • compression fracture
  • complete fracture
  • comminuted fracture
140
Q

what are the types of complete fractures

A

transverse
oblique
spiral

141
Q

what are stress fractures also called

A

hairline fracture

142
Q

what do stress fractures come from

A

NOT from one severe trauma, but extended overuses

143
Q

here are stress fractures common

A

in athletes

144
Q

which bones are stress fractures the most common

A

in wight0bearing bones like the tibia, femur, metatarsals

145
Q

what are greenstick fracture

A

come from an incomplete fractures through the bones

146
Q

how do bones break in greenstick fractures

A

like a “green stick” a piece splinters off, but part stays intact

147
Q

where does greenstick fractures usually happen

A

in patients under 10 years old, because more cartilage and less ossification

148
Q

what is a compression fracture

A

part of bone is crushed or caved in

149
Q

where do compression fractures almost always happen

A

in a vertebra

150
Q

what are compression fractures caused y

A

osteoporosis, bones cannot support normal amount of weight because they have low mineral density

151
Q

where are compression fractures seen almost exclusively

A

geriatric patients

152
Q

what is geriatric patients

A

old people

153
Q

what is a complete fracture

A

bone breaks all the way through

154
Q

what is a transverse complete fracture

A

perpendicular angle

155
Q

what is oblique complete fracture

A

non perpendicular angle

156
Q

what is a spiral complete fracture

A

break a rotating angles

157
Q

what is a comminuted fracture

A

bone break into many fragments

158
Q

what are comminuted fractures often from

A

high-speed or high-trauma events

159
Q

what do comminuted fractures often require

A

screws or plates to hold bone together

160
Q

how does the body heal fractures

A
  1. Hematoma forms
  2. Fibrocartilage callus forms
  3. Bony callus forms
  4. Bone remodels to a permanent patch
161
Q

the bone will heal regardless of what

A

whether it is set in place

162
Q

what happens if a bone isn’t set in place when healing

A

it will heal crooked and your bone will be forever curved

163
Q

when does hematoma forms

A

6-8 hours after the bone break

164
Q

how do hematoma form

A

when a bone breaks, blood vessels surrounding and inside it also break. this will lead to swelling in the area called a hematoma

165
Q

what happens to many bone cells near the break

A

deprived of their normal blood flow and die

166
Q

what is a hematoma

A

blood mass

167
Q

when do fibrocartilage callus forms

A

around 48 hours after the break

168
Q

what happens when firbrocartilage callus forms

A

fibroblasts and osteoblasts migrate to damaged site, make fibrocartilage

169
Q

what is fibrocartilage

A

cartilage matrix+ bone matrix+ collagen

170
Q

what happens to capillaries when fibrocartilage callus forms

A

capillaries begin redeveloping

171
Q

what happens to phagocytes when fibrocartilage callus forms

A

remove some debris

172
Q

what are phagocytes

A

a type of white blood cell

173
Q

when does bony callus forms

A

after 3-4 weeks

174
Q

what happens when bony callus forms

A

the fibrocartilage slowly starts to ossify as more and more osteoblasts arrive at the fracture site

175
Q

what is the break full of when bony callus forms

A

new immature spongy bone

176
Q

when does bone remodel to a permanent patch

A

after 8-10 weeks

177
Q

what happens when bone remodels to a permanent patch

A
  • compact bone settles around the edges
  • dead cells are removed by osteoclasts
  • bone eventually reaches full strength again (usually)
178
Q

bones are constantly what

A

broken down and rebuilt

179
Q

what do osteoblasts do in bone remodeling

A

build bone (ossification)

180
Q

what do osteoclasts do in bone remodeling

A

break bone apart (bone resorption)

181
Q

how much of skeleton is replaced each year

A

about 10%

182
Q

what is wolf’s law

A

bones remodel according to the stress placed on them, more stress= stronger bone

183
Q

what is a trabeculae

A

( “lines” of spongy bone), remodel to run parallel or perpendicular to stress

184
Q

if you don’t use a bone it

A

gets weaker

185
Q

what happens after age 30

A

more bone resorption than ossification

186
Q

what is the result of more bone resorption than ossification

A

bones slowly get less dense and weaker (osteoporosis)

187
Q

who is osteoporosis most common in

A

postmenopausal women

188
Q

what is RANK Ligand

A

bind and activates RANK receptors on osteoclast membranes and increases osteoclast activity

189
Q

what is a ligand

A

something that sticks to a receptor

190
Q

what does estrogen do

A
  • down regulates RANK ligand production, leads to less osteoclast activity, less resorption
  • estrogen upregulates osteoprotegerin (OPG) production. OPG binds to RANK ligand and blocks it from binding to RANK receptors which leads to less osteoclasts activity and less resorption
191
Q

what do RANK receptors do

A

leads to less osteoclasts activity, less resorption

192
Q

what happens in menopause

A

estrogen production dramatically decreases, osteoclast activity and bone resorption increases

193
Q

5 main functions of bone

A 
support
protection
movement
storage
blood cell formation
194
Q

bone serves as what

A

a series of supports to hold the body together

195
Q

what does the skeleton do

A

provides support for vital organ

196
Q

what are the important organs

A

brain, heart, spinal cord

197
Q

pelvis does what

A

holds in organs

198
Q

what do legs act as

A

pillars to support weight

199
Q

what protects the brain

A

the skull

200
Q

what protects the heart

A

rib cage

201
Q

what protects the spinal cord

A

the spine

202
Q

what else do bones serve as

A

levers pulled by muscles

203
Q

each muscle has one or more sites where it

A

attaches to bones/tendons

204
Q

bone matrix is made of a mix of

A

collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite

205
Q

over 99% of the body’s calcium is found where

A

the bones

206
Q

what is the formula for hydroxyapatite

A

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)

207
Q

what are the main elements in bone matrix

A

calcium and phosphorus

208
Q

calcium ions must be found where in small amounts to what

A

the blood to maintain charges in cells

209
Q

how does the thyroid detect blood calcium levels

A

chief cells in the parathyroid and C cells in the thyroid each have receptors to detect serum ( blood) calcium levels

210
Q

what is the normal serum calcium levels

A

9-10 mg/dL

211
Q

when do you know when calcium blood levels are normal

A

neither cell type does anything

212
Q

what is it called when there is not enough calcium in the blood

A

hypocalcemia

213
Q

what happens to combat hypocalcemia

A

chief cell’s receptors detect this and trigger production of a hormone called parathyroids hormone (PTH)

214
Q

what is it called when there is too much calcium

A

hypercalcemia

215
Q

what happens to combat hypercalcemia

A

C cell’s receptors detect this and trigger production and release of a hormone called calcitonin

216
Q

regulating blood calcium levels are

A

negative feedback loops

217
Q

what are the functions of PTH

A
  • leads to the stimulation of osteoclast activity
  • it leads to the inhibition of osteoblast activity
  • it tells your kidneys to filter out less calcium from the blood
  • it tells your kidneys to produce more of an enzyme which turns calcidiol in to calcitriol (Vitamin D)
218
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

bone cells that break down bone matrix which releases calcium into the blood

219
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

bone cells that build up bone matrix

220
Q

what does Vitamin D do

A

causes your small intestine to absorb more calcium than normal

221
Q

what does calcitonin do

A
  • inhibits the activity of osteoclasts

- tells your kidneys to filter more calcium from the blood

222
Q

osteoblasts do not have receptors that can detect what

A

calcitonin, so it has no effect on them

223
Q

what is Miacalcin

A

a prescription drug that causes salmon calcitonin to delay osteoporosis

224
Q

what is the production of blood

A

hematopoiesis

225
Q

where is red marrow found

A

in the head of long bone

226
Q

what is the function of red marrow

A

produces mostly erythrocytes (red blood cells)

227
Q

where is white marrow found

A

in the shaft of long bone

228
Q

what does white marrow do

A

produces mostly leukocytes (white blood cells )

229
Q

all blood cells come from what

A

a cell line called hematopoietic stem cells, which are pluripotent stem cells, these cells live in bone marrow

230
Q

the carpals

A

Hamate
Pisiform
Triquetral
Lunate

Trapezoid
Trapezium
Scaphoid
Capitate

231
Q

the tarsals

A 
Calcaneus 
Talus
Navicular 
Cuboid
Cuneiforms
232
Q

thumb

A

pollex

233
Q

big toe

A

hallux

anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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