test 3 the skeletal system Flashcards
1
Q
two main parts of the skeleton
A
axial and appendicular
2
Q
what is the axial part of the skelton
A
runs down the middle
3
Q
3 parts of the axial skeleton
A
skull, vertebral column, thorax
4
Q
3 parts of the appendicular skelteon
A
limbs, pelvic griddle, shoulder griddle
5
Q
wha is the appendicular part of the skeleton
A
branches off the middle
6
Q
what are the two main types of bones
A
compact bones and spongy bone
7
Q
what is compact bone
A
makes up the outside of most bones
8
Q
what is the compact bone filled with
A
solidly filled with matrix
9
Q
which of the two bone types is the most common
A
compact bone
10
Q
what is spongy bone
A
makes up the inside of most bones
has many holes inside
11
Q
where is spongy bone found
A
in the marrow area of bones
12
Q
what are the 5 shapes of bone
A
long, shorts, flat, sesamoid, irregular
13
Q
what are long bones
A
“standard” idea of a bone that are longer than they are thick
14
Q
standard bones are the most important part of what
A
skeletal movement
15
Q
what are the three parts of long bones
A
epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis
16
Q
what is the epiphysis
A
head, had red marrow
17
Q
what is the metaphysis
A
“growth plate”
18
Q
what is the diaphysis
A
shaft, has white marrow
19
Q
what else are long bones important for
A
support
20
Q
how do long bones grow longer
A
metaphysis: in young bones it is made of cartilage and creates new bone on diaphyseal side and cartilage on epiphyseal side.
21
Q
what is the epiphyseal plate
A
the growth plate
22
Q
what happens once the bone has stopped growing
A
it ossifies and turns into an epiphyseal line
23
Q
what is ossifying
A
cartilage turns to bone
24
Q
what are the long bones in your arm
A
the radius: forearm lateral in anatomical position
the ulna: forearm, medial in anatomical position
the humerus: upper arm bone
25
what are the long bones in your leg
femur: thigh area, longest and strongest bone in the body
tibia: "shinbone", bears most weight of any bone
fibula: lateral to tibia, dosen't bear weight
26
what are the long bones in your hand
metacarpals, phalanges
27
how many phalanges in the body
56
28
what are metacarpals
longer bones that connect to wrist, 5 of them in hand
29
what are phalanges
shorter bones, 3 on each finger except on thumb (pollex) , which has 2
30
hand numbering
pinky finger= 5
| thumb = 1
31
furthest phalanx
distal
32
closest phalanx
proximal
33
what are the long bones of the foot
the metatarsals and phalanges
34
what are metatarsals
longer bones that connect to the ankle, there are 5 of them
35
what are the phalanges (foot)
shorter bones-3 on each toe except on big toe (hallux) which has 2
36
foot numbering
pinky toe= 5, big toe = 1
37
(foot) what is the furthest phalanx
distal
38
(foot) closest phalanx
proximal
39
what is the clavicle
the collarbone an the most commonly broken bone
40
what is the first bone to begin ossification
the clavicle
41
last bone to finish ossification
clavicle
42
what are short bones
as wide as they are lomg
43
what do short bones do
provide structure and support but little movement
44
wrist/hand bones?
8 carpals
45
foot/ankle bones
7 tarsals
46
what are flat bones
bones that are flat in shape they are predominantly for protection
47
what are the 3 bones of the pelvis
ilium, ischium, pubis
48
what is another flat bone example
skull, ribs and sternum, pelvis, scapula
49
how are ribs numbered
from top to bottom
50
how are ribs attached to the sternum
costal cartilage
51
how many ribs are true
1-7
52
how many ribs are false
8-12 rbs
53
what are false ribs
connect to rib #7
54
what are floating ribs
ribs that do not connect to the sternum at
55
which ribs are floating ribs
1 and 12
56
what is the xiphoid process
flat projection at the base of sternum
57
what is the scapula
the shoulder base
58
what are sesamoid bones
flattish bones embedded in a tendon or muscle
59
the most basic example of sesamoid bones
the kneecap (patella)
60
how do sesamoid bones generally grow
in response to stress or strain in a tendon
61
where are sesamoid bones often found
in toes
62
do sesamoid bones vary by person
yes
63
what are irregular bones
bones with shapes that don't fall into another category
64
examples of irregular bone
vertebrae in back
many lower facial bones
hypoid bone in neck that connects tongue
65
how many vertebrae make up your spine
33
66
what are the 5 different kinds of vertebrae
```
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccyx
```
67
cervical
7 of them
68
thoracic
12 of them, each articulates with a rib
69
lumbar
5 of them
70
sacral
5 of them fused together
71
coccyx
4 of them fused together
72
each vertebra has a similar body
- body
- canal
- processes
73
body of vertebra
bears weight
74
canal of vertebra
allows spinal cord to pass
75
processes of vertebra
allow muscle attachment
76
how does the spine generally run
straight dow n the midline and has a slight S shape
77
what are the 3 common deformities
scoliosis
kyphosis
lordosis
78
what is scoliosis
side-to-side sway
79
what is kyphosis
forward bend of T and S regions
80
what is lordosis
backward bend of L and C regions
81
what are joints
where bones meet other bones
82
how may joints in the body
over 200
83
how are joints sorted
by how much they move
84
three things joints can be
synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses
85
what is singular synarthroses
synarthrosis
86
what are synarthroses
immovable joints,
87
what are amphiarthroses
aka slightly movable joints
88
example of synarthroses
plates of skull fuse together
89
example of amphiarthroses
connections between vertebrae in back
90
what are diarthroses
freely movable joints
91
diarthroses are filled with what in synovial joints
a liquid called synovial fluid
92
what does synovial fluid do
lubricate the joint
93
what is synovial fluid held in by
cartilage
94
what can synovial fluid become
infected like septic arthritis or filled with blood like hemorrhagic arthritis
95
what is cracking joints
popping of small air bubble that forms in synovial fluid when pressure quickly changes
96
what is cracking joints not linked to
arthritis or joint problems
97
what do plane joints allow
gliding or rotating motion
98
what are plane joints
two flat surfaces against each other
99
where are plane joints found
between carpals, tarsals
100
what do hinge joints allow
movement across one plane
101
howdo hinge joints work
cylinder rolls in U shape
102
6 shapes of Diarthrotic Joints
```
plane
hinge
pivot
condyloid
saddle
ball and Socket
```
103
examples of hinge joints
elbow, knee, joints between phalanges
104
what do pivot joints alow
rotation around one plane
105
what is a pivot joint
a circle in a bigger circle
106
examples of pivot joint s
radius/ulna, top two vertebrae of neck
107
what do condyloid joints allow
front/back and side/ side movement
108
what are condyloid joints like
egg in sock
109
examples of condyloid joints
proximal phalanx/ metacarpal
110
what do saddle joints allow
allows front/back and side/side movement, but not easily both together
111
what do saddle joints look like
two saddles on each other
112
examples of saddle joints
trapeziometacarpal joint in thumb between first metacarpal and carpal, gives us opposable thumbs
113
what do ball and socket joints allow
motion in full circle, plus rotation
114
what do ball and socket joints look like
a ball in a socket
115
example of ball and socket joints
humerus in shoulder, femurs in hip
116
what are ligaments tendons and and fasciae made of
primarily collagen
117
what do ligaments do
connect bone to bone
118
what do tendons do
connects bone to muscle
119
what do fasciae do
connects muscle to muscle
120
what is a sprain
a damaged or torn ligament
121
what is a first degree sprain
some damage
122
what is a second degree sprain
partial tear
123
what is a third degree sprain
a full tear
124
what happens in third degree sprains
the joint runs high risk of dislocation
125
what is tendonitis
the acute (sudden) inflammation of a tendon
126
why does tendonitis happen
because of repeated motion , leading to slight tearing in the tendon, can also happen because of bone deformation that causes unnecessary abrasion against the tendon
127
what is tendonosis
tendonitis that lingers for years
128
where can tendonitis happen
all over the body because tendons are all around the body
129
what are the common affected by tendonitis
elbow, patellar tendon, achilles tendon, rotator cuff
130
tendons and ligaments are what tissue
dense connective tissue
131
how are the tissues of tendons and ligaments
lot of matrix composed of parallel collagen and elastin along with some cells called fibroblasts
132
what do fibroblasts do in tendons and ligaments
maintain the matrix
133
what does healthy tendon or ligament look like
much collagen and elastin in parallel lines/waves, few cells
134
what does damaged tendon/ligament look like
much collagen/elastin but not as taut, many more cells
135
what is the difference between a break, a crack, and a fracture
nothing, they all mean the same thing the bone's integrity has been compromised
136
breaks can be what one of two things
closed fractures, or open fractures
137
what are closed fractures
do NOT pierce the skin
138
what are open fractures
do pierce the skin
139
what are the types of fractures
- stress fracture
- greenstick fracture
- compression fracture
- complete fracture
- comminuted fracture
140
what are the types of complete fractures
transverse
oblique
spiral
141
what are stress fractures also called
hairline fracture
142
what do stress fractures come from
NOT from one severe trauma, but extended overuses
143
here are stress fractures common
in athletes
144
which bones are stress fractures the most common
in wight0bearing bones like the tibia, femur, metatarsals
145
what are greenstick fracture
come from an incomplete fractures through the bones
146
how do bones break in greenstick fractures
like a "green stick" a piece splinters off, but part stays intact
147
where does greenstick fractures usually happen
in patients under 10 years old, because more cartilage and less ossification
148
what is a compression fracture
part of bone is crushed or caved in
149
where do compression fractures almost always happen
in a vertebra
150
what are compression fractures caused y
osteoporosis, bones cannot support normal amount of weight because they have low mineral density
151
where are compression fractures seen almost exclusively
geriatric patients
152
what is geriatric patients
old people
153
what is a complete fracture
bone breaks all the way through
154
what is a transverse complete fracture
perpendicular angle
155
what is oblique complete fracture
non perpendicular angle
156
what is a spiral complete fracture
break a rotating angles
157
what is a comminuted fracture
bone break into many fragments
158
what are comminuted fractures often from
high-speed or high-trauma events
159
what do comminuted fractures often require
screws or plates to hold bone together
160
how does the body heal fractures
1. Hematoma forms
2. Fibrocartilage callus forms
3. Bony callus forms
4. Bone remodels to a permanent patch
161
the bone will heal regardless of what
whether it is set in place
162
what happens if a bone isn't set in place when healing
it will heal crooked and your bone will be forever curved
163
when does hematoma forms
6-8 hours after the bone break
164
how do hematoma form
when a bone breaks, blood vessels surrounding and inside it also break. this will lead to swelling in the area called a hematoma
165
what happens to many bone cells near the break
deprived of their normal blood flow and die
166
what is a hematoma
blood mass
167
when do fibrocartilage callus forms
around 48 hours after the break
168
what happens when firbrocartilage callus forms
fibroblasts and osteoblasts migrate to damaged site, make fibrocartilage
169
what is fibrocartilage
cartilage matrix+ bone matrix+ collagen
170
what happens to capillaries when fibrocartilage callus forms
capillaries begin redeveloping
171
what happens to phagocytes when fibrocartilage callus forms
remove some debris
172
what are phagocytes
a type of white blood cell
173
when does bony callus forms
after 3-4 weeks
174
what happens when bony callus forms
the fibrocartilage slowly starts to ossify as more and more osteoblasts arrive at the fracture site
175
what is the break full of when bony callus forms
new immature spongy bone
176
when does bone remodel to a permanent patch
after 8-10 weeks
177
what happens when bone remodels to a permanent patch
- compact bone settles around the edges
- dead cells are removed by osteoclasts
- bone eventually reaches full strength again (usually)
178
bones are constantly what
broken down and rebuilt
179
what do osteoblasts do in bone remodeling
build bone (ossification)
180
what do osteoclasts do in bone remodeling
break bone apart (bone resorption)
181
how much of skeleton is replaced each year
about 10%
182
what is wolf's law
bones remodel according to the stress placed on them, more stress= stronger bone
183
what is a trabeculae
( "lines" of spongy bone), remodel to run parallel or perpendicular to stress
184
if you don't use a bone it
gets weaker
185
what happens after age 30
more bone resorption than ossification
186
what is the result of more bone resorption than ossification
bones slowly get less dense and weaker (osteoporosis)
187
who is osteoporosis most common in
postmenopausal women
188
what is RANK Ligand
bind and activates RANK receptors on osteoclast membranes and increases osteoclast activity
189
what is a ligand
something that sticks to a receptor
190
what does estrogen do
- down regulates RANK ligand production, leads to less osteoclast activity, less resorption
- estrogen upregulates osteoprotegerin (OPG) production. OPG binds to RANK ligand and blocks it from binding to RANK receptors which leads to less osteoclasts activity and less resorption
191
what do RANK receptors do
leads to less osteoclasts activity, less resorption
192
what happens in menopause
estrogen production dramatically decreases, osteoclast activity and bone resorption increases
193
5 main functions of bone
```
support
protection
movement
storage
blood cell formation
```
194
bone serves as what
a series of supports to hold the body together
195
what does the skeleton do
provides support for vital organ
196
what are the important organs
brain, heart, spinal cord
197
pelvis does what
holds in organs
198
what do legs act as
pillars to support weight
199
what protects the brain
the skull
200
what protects the heart
rib cage
201
what protects the spinal cord
the spine
202
what else do bones serve as
levers pulled by muscles
203
each muscle has one or more sites where it
attaches to bones/tendons
204
bone matrix is made of a mix of
collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite
205
over 99% of the body's calcium is found where
the bones
206
what is the formula for hydroxyapatite
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)
207
what are the main elements in bone matrix
calcium and phosphorus
208
calcium ions must be found where in small amounts to what
the blood to maintain charges in cells
209
how does the thyroid detect blood calcium levels
chief cells in the parathyroid and C cells in the thyroid each have receptors to detect serum ( blood) calcium levels
210
what is the normal serum calcium levels
9-10 mg/dL
211
when do you know when calcium blood levels are normal
neither cell type does anything
212
what is it called when there is not enough calcium in the blood
hypocalcemia
213
what happens to combat hypocalcemia
chief cell's receptors detect this and trigger production of a hormone called parathyroids hormone (PTH)
214
what is it called when there is too much calcium
hypercalcemia
215
what happens to combat hypercalcemia
C cell's receptors detect this and trigger production and release of a hormone called calcitonin
216
regulating blood calcium levels are
negative feedback loops
217
what are the functions of PTH
- leads to the stimulation of osteoclast activity
- it leads to the inhibition of osteoblast activity
- it tells your kidneys to filter out less calcium from the blood
- it tells your kidneys to produce more of an enzyme which turns calcidiol in to calcitriol (Vitamin D)
218
what are osteoclasts
bone cells that break down bone matrix which releases calcium into the blood
219
what are osteoblasts
bone cells that build up bone matrix
220
what does Vitamin D do
causes your small intestine to absorb more calcium than normal
221
what does calcitonin do
- inhibits the activity of osteoclasts
| - tells your kidneys to filter more calcium from the blood
222
osteoblasts do not have receptors that can detect what
calcitonin, so it has no effect on them
223
what is Miacalcin
a prescription drug that causes salmon calcitonin to delay osteoporosis
224
what is the production of blood
hematopoiesis
225
where is red marrow found
in the head of long bone
226
what is the function of red marrow
produces mostly erythrocytes (red blood cells)
227
where is white marrow found
in the shaft of long bone
228
what does white marrow do
produces mostly leukocytes (white blood cells )
229
all blood cells come from what
a cell line called hematopoietic stem cells, which are pluripotent stem cells, these cells live in bone marrow
230
the carpals
Hamate
Pisiform
Triquetral
Lunate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Scaphoid
Capitate
231
the tarsals
```
Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms
```
232
thumb
pollex
233
big toe
hallux
