female reproductive quiz Flashcards
which system is more complicated
yes
what are the gonads in females
the ovaries
what do the ovaries do
production and release of ova
what are ova
(sing is ovum) they are eggs
what is a difference between male and female gametes
ovaries have already produced all the eggs and more she will ever need before the baby is even born
about ho w many eggs do the ovaries produce
400,000
the female reproductive system needs to be able to accomodate…
rapid growth
if eggs are fertilized….
they begin to grow into a fetus
main components of female reproductive system
ovaries, fallopian tube, uterus, endometrium
what do ovaries do
2 per woman, hold n release 1 egg per month
what do the fallopian tubes do
normal site of fertilization
what does the uterus do
hollow organ that receives and nourishes a fertilized egg
what is the endometrium
lining of the uterus
what does the endometrium do if an egg is fertilized,
the endometrium catches it and holds on to it
what does the endometrium do if an egg is not fertilized
the endometrium sloughs off and is expelled
vulva
the external female reproductive organs
labia
outer folds of vulva
inside labia
urethral opening
urethral opening
where urine is removed
vaginal opening
located dorsally and extends to the cervix
what is the cervix
entrance to the uterus
what is the hymen
thin fold of mucosa separating the inner vagina from the vulva
menstrual cycle
monthly cycle of fertilization
three parts of menstrual cycle
menses, proliferative stage, secretory stage
what days are menses
day 1-5
what days are proliferative stage
days 6-14
what days are secretory stages
days 15-28
what happens in menses
the endometrium sloughs off
bleeding as the detached tissue passes through the vagin
on average, females lose how much blood in menses
50-150ml
what happens in proliferative stage
-increased estrogen leads to gradual thickening of endometrium
what happens on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle
LH levels spike, leading to ovulation
what is ovulation
release of an egg from one of the ovaries
what happens in secretory stage
progesterone is released, causing endometrial tissue to become full of nutrients
what can happen to the egg in the secretory stage
if fertilized: embeds in the endometrium
if not: endometrium disintegrates at the end of stage
usually estrogen is a
GnRH inhibitor
what does it mean that estrogen is a GnRH inhibitor
causes less estrogen to be produced
how does estrogen work
in a negative feedback loop
what switch occurs on what day
day 12, estrogen causes GnRH production, rather than inhibiting it
day 12 switches what
the negative feedback loop into a positive feedback loop
day 12 causes a spike in what
the LH and FSH necessary for ovulation
do the levels of estradiol, FSH, LH, progesterone vary across the menstrual cycle
yes
how do contraceptives work
trick the body into thinking progesterone levels are or alter estrogen levels
high levels of progesterone and or estrogens ….
stop GnRH from being produced, stops LH and estradiol from being made
what is ovulation
release of an egg from an ovary
how many of the ovaries release an egg each month
1
misconceptions about ovulation
- people think that the ovaries alternate months
- people think the egg is released into the fallopian tube
correction to “people think that the ovaries alternate months”
it is random which ovary releases an ovum in a given month
correction to “people think the egg is released into the fallopian tube”
- egg is released into gap between ovary and fallopian tube
- “fingers” called fimbriae pull the ovum into the fallopian tube
what happens in tintercourse
sperm released into vagina
what do sperm do in vagina
seek to find the egg and fertilize it
short window of fertilization (egg)
egg must be fertilized 24 hours from being released from the ovary
short window of fertilization (sperm)
sperm can only survive in the acidic vagina for 72 hours
which days the highest probability of pregnancy
the days shortly before and after ovulation
where does fertilization usually happen
in the fallopian tubes
what happens after fertilization in the fallopian tube
the egg travels and implants in the endometrial layer of the uterus
what is ectopic pregnancy
when a fertilized zygote implants in the fallopian tube instead of the uterus and grows there
ectopic pregnancy is the
leading cause of maternal death in pregnancy
what happens once the first sperm reaches the egg
a fast block occurs to prevent polyspermy
what is polyspermy
fertilization by more than one sperm
what happens in the fast block to prevent polyspermy
release of K+ ions changes the charge inside the egg, preventing other sperm from entering
what happens after fertilization
newly formed 2n zygote begins to divide rapidly into many cells
the many cells the zygote is divided into
forms a blastocyst
what else forms after fertilization
a placenta
what does a placenta allow
easy transfer of blood and nutrients from the mother to the blastocyst
what happens over the 40 weeks of pregnancy
the zygote slowly divides, grows, and reshapes
when does an embryo form
3-8 weeks
when fetus form
8-40 weeks
changes to a women’s body are triggered
by release of new estrogens, specifically estriol
changes to a woman’s body
- increasing blood volume by 50%
- growing placenta
- increase respiratory, urinary, pulse rates
- release of relaxin
what will growing placenta do
filters blood for and nourishes the fetus
why does pregnancy increase respiratory, urinary, pulse rates
pregnant women must provide oxygen and remove wastes for 2 organisms
what is relaxin
protein hormone
what does relaxin do
makes joints and ligaments in the abdomen relax.. allows stretching of the abdomen
when is baby ready
after 40 weeks
