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anatomy and physiology > immune system > Flashcards

immune system Flashcards

1
Q

body’s main defense can be broken down into what categories

A

innate immune response, adaptive immune response

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2
Q

an innate immune response is

A

nonspecific has 2 parts

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3
Q

2 parts of innate immune response

A
  • physical/chemical barriers to keep contaminants out

- responses like macrophages, inflammation, fever to keep microbes at bay

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4
Q

adaptive immune response

A

how the body learns to specifically target and eliminate contaminants

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5
Q

95% of infections

A

begin on the mucous membranes

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6
Q

5% of infections

A

result from vector bites

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7
Q

what does the skin normally act like

A

a solid barrier that stops bacteria from getting inside the body

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8
Q

the outer layer of the skin is

A

coated in keratin

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9
Q

what does keratin do in the skin

A

works with other lipids and proteins to form a tight seal separating inside from out

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10
Q

the outer cells of the skin are

A

continuously shedding ad taking attached microbes with them

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11
Q

outer cells of skin shedding

A

is called desquamation

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12
Q

what does the skin secrete

A

waxy , oily, substance called sebum

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13
Q

sebum gives the skin what pH

A

roughly 5.5, which is acidic compared to the body’s pH

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14
Q

the body’s pH

A

7.4

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15
Q

the change in pH from sebum can

A

denature enzymes in bacteria, slowing their function

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16
Q

aside from skin where else does the body use pH to denature bacterial enzymes

A

saliva, stomach, vagin a

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17
Q

pH vagina

A

saliva was a roughly neutral pH

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18
Q

pH stomach

A

varying pH of about 2 after a meal and closer to 3.5 at rest

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19
Q

pH vagina

A

resting pH of about 4

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20
Q

what are some **other physical barriers to microbes

A

mucus, urination, defecation, vomiting, tears, hairs,cilia

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21
Q

where is mucus found

A

airway, esophagus, stomach, intestines, cervix in females

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22
Q

what does mucus do to help be a physical barrier

A

microbes stick to it and are broken down by proteins and / or expelled from the body

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23
Q

what does urination, defecation, vomiting and tears do

A

all wash microbes out of the body

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24
Q

hairs in the ______ and cilia in the _______ stop

A

nose, windpipe, stop microbes from entering the lungs

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25
Q

how does hair and cilia stop bacteria from entering the lungs

A

bacteria are pushed up and away from lungs through the mucociliary elevator. extremely sensitive nerves in the air way will force a cough reflex if a particle is detected

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26
Q

lysozyme is found where

A

in tears, mucus, breast milk, saliva

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27
Q

lysozymes break down what

A

peptidoglycan , into smaller subunits effectively killing the bacterium

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28
Q

what is peptidoglycan

A

the main component of bacterial cell walls

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29
Q

the human body has many

A

bacteria living on it in a mutualistic relationship

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30
Q

bacteria living on humans in a mutualistic relationship are

A

collectively called normal flora

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31
Q

what are some benefits that bacteria can cause for the body

A
  • create nutrients that the body cant normally provide
  • competition for space and nutrients, making it hard for bad bacteria to thrive
  • create compounds that kill other bacteria
  • modify the pH of an area to make it inhospitable to other bacteria
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32
Q

example of nutrients created by bacteria the body can’t normally provide

A

B12

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33
Q

the human body has about how many human cells

A

10^13

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34
Q

the human body has about how much bacteria

A

10^14 symbiotic bacteria

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35
Q

phagocytes

A

white blood cells that “eat “ and destroy foreign contaminants (phagocytosis)

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36
Q

types of phagocytes

A

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells

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37
Q

neutrophils

A

eat bacteria

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38
Q

macrophages

A

eat everything that dosen’t have proper ID

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39
Q

dendritic cells

A

eat surroundings that show PAMPs

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40
Q

macrophages and dendritic cells..

A

present digested guts to surrounding cells, especially T cells

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41
Q

steps of phagocytosis 1-3

A
  1. chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
  2. ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
  3. formation of a phagosome
42
Q

steps of phagocytosis 4-7

A
  1. fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
  2. digestion of ingested microbes by enzymes
  3. formation of residual body containing indigestible material
  4. discharge of waste materials
43
Q

the immune system looks for

A

certain microbe-associated patterns

44
Q

what patterns do the immune system look for

A

PAMPs

45
Q

PAMPs

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

46
Q

examples of PAMPs

A 
petidoglycan
LPS
Flagellin
Double-stranded DNA
Glucans
47
Q

what is peptidoglycan (as a PAMP)

A

the main bacterial cell wall ( gram positive )

48
Q

why is peptidoglycan a special chemical

A

it surrounds the membranes of bacteria

49
Q

what is LPS

A

the main bacterial membrane component and is gram negative

50
Q

LPS

A

lipopolysaccharides

51
Q

LPS are long chains…..

A

of sugars that attach to membranes of bacteria that have a thin peptidoglycan layer

52
Q

what is flagellin

A

a protein found in bacterial flagella

53
Q

many bacteria have a

A

flagellum or multiple flagella

54
Q

what does flagellum do

A

can help them move through the body

55
Q

the main protein in flagellum

A

flagellin, which is also recognized as a PAMP

56
Q

glucans

A

a major component of fungal cell walls

57
Q

PRRs

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors

58
Q

what are PRRs

A

proteins found on the plasma membrane of macropahges

59
Q

what is the job of PRRs

A

to recognize PAMPs

60
Q

two main types of PRRs

A

phagocytosis receptors, TLRs

61
Q

phagocytosis receptors

A

PAMP binding that leads to the onset of phagocytosis

62
Q

phagocytosis receptors are only found

A

in phagocytes

63
Q

TLRs

A

Toll-like receptors

64
Q

Toll-like receptors are

A

PAMP binding that leads to the activation of genes coding for cytokines

65
Q

what are cytokines

A

signalling proteins

66
Q

where are TLRs found

A

in phagocytes, epithelial cells, and more

67
Q

are there many kinds of TLRs that each recognize specific microbial components

A

yes

68
Q

each TLR triggers

A

some release of cytokines that cause many things to happen

69
Q

cytokines are small ____, produced by____

A

proteins, produced by white blood cells

70
Q

cytokines could be

A

autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

71
Q

autocrine cytokines

A

meaning they act on the blood cell that secretes them

72
Q

paracrine cytokines

A

meaning they act on nearby cels

73
Q

endocrine cytokines

A

meaning they travel long distances in the body

74
Q

cytokines cause what different things to happen

A
  • vasodilation of blood vessels
  • upregulation or downregulation of genes
  • white blood cell hematopoiesis
  • production of antibodies
  • apoptosis
  • inhibition of viral replication
75
Q

one important type of cytokines

A

chemokines

76
Q

what do chemokines do

A

attract molecules through chemical signals

77
Q

two main categories of chemokines

A

homeostatic, inflammatory

78
Q

homeostatic chemokines

A

attarct varius types of white blood cells to the area and invoke diapedesis

79
Q

what is diapedesis

A

jumping through the walls of a vessel into the infected tissue

80
Q

white blood cells are chemically attracted to

A

homeostatic chemokines

81
Q

inflammatory chemokines

A

initiate the inflammatory response by causing vasodilation, leading to more blood and white blood cells in the area

82
Q

inflammation can b described as

A

acute (quick onset), or chronic (long term)

83
Q

signs of inflammation

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain

84
Q

why are cytokines usually created

A

to recruit WBCs, which release or cytokines to recruit more WBCs in a POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

85
Q

the body is supposed to keep the cytokine feedback loop

A

localized and shut it off at a certain point

86
Q

what happens if an infection gets too big

A

the body dosen’t shut down the cytokines… leading to a cytokine storm

87
Q

the result of a cytokine storm

A

widespread inflammation

88
Q

what can widespread inflammation lead to

A

ARDS

89
Q

what is ARDS

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome

90
Q

ARDS can lead to

A

can lead to DEATH

91
Q

a cytokine storm can also cause

A

damage to blood vessels when they dilate too much and for too long

92
Q

the damage of blood vessels in a cytokine storm can lead to

A

blood spilling into the extracellular space

93
Q

blood spilling into the extracellular space causes

A

reddish splotches on the skin . it will also lead to decreased oxygen delivery to cells&raquo_space;»shock!

94
Q

sepsis

A

when chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the bod

95
Q

fevers are invoked by

A

pyrogens

96
Q

pyrogens can be classified as

A

endogenous or exogenous

97
Q

exogenous pyrogens

A

like LPS, come from outside and bind to PRRs to trigger the release of endogenous pyrogens

98
Q

endogenous pyrogens

A

like interleukin-1 (IL-1)and (Il-6), are cytokines made by macrophages in response to exogenous pyrogens

99
Q

where to endogenous pyrogens travel to

A

the hypothalamus in brain, which sends hormone signals across the body to increase temperature

100
Q

fevers help…

A
  • stop bacterial growth (denature)

- increase the ability of certain macrophages to do their jobs by altering the membranes fluidity

anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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