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anatomy and physiology > immune system > Flashcards

immune system Flashcards

1
Q

body’s main defense can be broken down into what categories

A

innate immune response, adaptive immune response

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2
Q

an innate immune response is

A

nonspecific has 2 parts

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3
Q

2 parts of innate immune response

A
  • physical/chemical barriers to keep contaminants out

- responses like macrophages, inflammation, fever to keep microbes at bay

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4
Q

adaptive immune response

A

how the body learns to specifically target and eliminate contaminants

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5
Q

95% of infections

A

begin on the mucous membranes

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6
Q

5% of infections

A

result from vector bites

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7
Q

what does the skin normally act like

A

a solid barrier that stops bacteria from getting inside the body

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8
Q

the outer layer of the skin is

A

coated in keratin

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9
Q

what does keratin do in the skin

A

works with other lipids and proteins to form a tight seal separating inside from out

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10
Q

the outer cells of the skin are

A

continuously shedding ad taking attached microbes with them

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11
Q

outer cells of skin shedding

A

is called desquamation

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12
Q

what does the skin secrete

A

waxy , oily, substance called sebum

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13
Q

sebum gives the skin what pH

A

roughly 5.5, which is acidic compared to the body’s pH

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14
Q

the body’s pH

A

7.4

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15
Q

the change in pH from sebum can

A

denature enzymes in bacteria, slowing their function

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16
Q

aside from skin where else does the body use pH to denature bacterial enzymes

A

saliva, stomach, vagin a

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17
Q

pH vagina

A

saliva was a roughly neutral pH

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18
Q

pH stomach

A

varying pH of about 2 after a meal and closer to 3.5 at rest

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19
Q

pH vagina

A

resting pH of about 4

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20
Q

what are some **other physical barriers to microbes

A

mucus, urination, defecation, vomiting, tears, hairs,cilia

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21
Q

where is mucus found

A

airway, esophagus, stomach, intestines, cervix in females

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22
Q

what does mucus do to help be a physical barrier

A

microbes stick to it and are broken down by proteins and / or expelled from the body

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23
Q

what does urination, defecation, vomiting and tears do

A

all wash microbes out of the body

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24
Q

hairs in the ______ and cilia in the _______ stop

A

nose, windpipe, stop microbes from entering the lungs

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25
how does hair and cilia stop bacteria from entering the lungs
bacteria are pushed up and away from lungs through the mucociliary elevator. extremely sensitive nerves in the air way will force a cough reflex if a particle is detected
26
lysozyme is found where
in tears, mucus, breast milk, saliva
27
lysozymes break down what
peptidoglycan , into smaller subunits effectively killing the bacterium
28
what is peptidoglycan
the main component of bacterial cell walls
29
the human body has many
bacteria living on it in a mutualistic relationship
30
bacteria living on humans in a mutualistic relationship are
collectively called normal flora
31
what are some benefits that bacteria can cause for the body
- create nutrients that the body cant normally provide - competition for space and nutrients, making it hard for bad bacteria to thrive - create compounds that kill other bacteria - modify the pH of an area to make it inhospitable to other bacteria
32
example of nutrients created by bacteria the body can't normally provide
B12
33
the human body has about how many human cells
10^13
34
the human body has about how much bacteria
10^14 symbiotic bacteria
35
phagocytes
white blood cells that "eat " and destroy foreign contaminants (phagocytosis)
36
types of phagocytes
neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells
37
neutrophils
eat bacteria
38
macrophages
eat everything that dosen't have proper ID
39
dendritic cells
eat surroundings that show PAMPs
40
macrophages and dendritic cells..
present digested guts to surrounding cells, especially T cells
41
steps of phagocytosis 1-3
1. chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte 2. ingestion of microbe by phagocyte 3. formation of a phagosome
42
steps of phagocytosis 4-7
4. fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome 5. digestion of ingested microbes by enzymes 6. formation of residual body containing indigestible material 7. discharge of waste materials
43
the immune system looks for
certain microbe-associated patterns
44
what patterns do the immune system look for
PAMPs
45
PAMPs
pathogen-associated molecular patterns
46
examples of PAMPs
``` petidoglycan LPS Flagellin Double-stranded DNA Glucans ```
47
what is peptidoglycan (as a PAMP)
the main bacterial cell wall ( gram positive )
48
why is peptidoglycan a special chemical
it surrounds the membranes of bacteria
49
what is LPS
the main bacterial membrane component and is gram negative
50
LPS
lipopolysaccharides
51
LPS are long chains.....
of sugars that attach to membranes of bacteria that have a thin peptidoglycan layer
52
what is flagellin
a protein found in bacterial flagella
53
many bacteria have a
flagellum or multiple flagella
54
what does flagellum do
can help them move through the body
55
the main protein in flagellum
flagellin, which is also recognized as a PAMP
56
glucans
a major component of fungal cell walls
57
PRRs
Pattern Recognition Receptors
58
what are PRRs
proteins found on the plasma membrane of macropahges
59
what is the job of PRRs
to recognize PAMPs
60
two main types of PRRs
phagocytosis receptors, TLRs
61
phagocytosis receptors
PAMP binding that leads to the onset of phagocytosis
62
phagocytosis receptors are only found
in phagocytes
63
TLRs
Toll-like receptors
64
Toll-like receptors are
PAMP binding that leads to the activation of genes coding for cytokines
65
what are cytokines
signalling proteins
66
where are TLRs found
in phagocytes, epithelial cells, and more
67
are there many kinds of TLRs that each recognize specific microbial components
yes
68
each TLR triggers
some release of cytokines that cause many things to happen
69
cytokines are small ____, produced by____
proteins, produced by white blood cells
70
cytokines could be
autocrine, paracrine, endocrine
71
autocrine cytokines
meaning they act on the blood cell that secretes them
72
paracrine cytokines
meaning they act on nearby cels
73
endocrine cytokines
meaning they travel long distances in the body
74
cytokines cause what different things to happen
- vasodilation of blood vessels - upregulation or downregulation of genes - white blood cell hematopoiesis - production of antibodies - apoptosis - inhibition of viral replication
75
one important type of cytokines
chemokines
76
what do chemokines do
attract molecules through chemical signals
77
two main categories of chemokines
homeostatic, inflammatory
78
homeostatic chemokines
attarct varius types of white blood cells to the area and invoke diapedesis
79
what is diapedesis
jumping through the walls of a vessel into the infected tissue
80
white blood cells are chemically attracted to
homeostatic chemokines
81
inflammatory chemokines
initiate the inflammatory response by causing vasodilation, leading to more blood and white blood cells in the area
82
inflammation can b described as
acute (quick onset), or chronic (long term)
83
signs of inflammation
redness, heat, swelling, pain
84
why are cytokines usually created
to recruit WBCs, which release or cytokines to recruit more WBCs in a POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
85
the body is supposed to keep the cytokine feedback loop
localized and shut it off at a certain point
86
what happens if an infection gets too big
the body dosen't shut down the cytokines... leading to a cytokine storm
87
the result of a cytokine storm
widespread inflammation
88
what can widespread inflammation lead to
ARDS
89
what is ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
90
ARDS can lead to
can lead to DEATH
91
a cytokine storm can also cause
damage to blood vessels when they dilate too much and for too long
92
the damage of blood vessels in a cytokine storm can lead to
blood spilling into the extracellular space
93
blood spilling into the extracellular space causes
reddish splotches on the skin . it will also lead to decreased oxygen delivery to cells >>>>shock!
94
sepsis
when chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the bod
95
fevers are invoked by
pyrogens
96
pyrogens can be classified as
endogenous or exogenous
97
exogenous pyrogens
like LPS, come from outside and bind to PRRs to trigger the release of endogenous pyrogens
98
endogenous pyrogens
like interleukin-1 (IL-1)and (Il-6), are cytokines made by macrophages in response to exogenous pyrogens
99
where to endogenous pyrogens travel to
the hypothalamus in brain, which sends hormone signals across the body to increase temperature
100
fevers help...
- stop bacterial growth (denature) | - increase the ability of certain macrophages to do their jobs by altering the membranes fluidity

anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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