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anatomy and physiology > test 10 respiratory system > Flashcards

test 10 respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

primary functions of the respiratory system

A
  • to bring oxygen into the bloodstream

- to remove carbon dioxide out of the bloodstream

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2
Q

only place that gas exchange

A

alveoli

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3
Q

what are alveoli

A

little sacs at the very base of the lungs that interact w/ capillaries

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4
Q

normally in respiratory system, inhalation begins where

A

the nose, but can start in mouth instead

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5
Q

after inhalation , where does air go

A

the nasal cavity, where air is warmed and moisturized

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6
Q

what happens after the nasal cavity

A

the pharynx

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7
Q

what is pharynx commonly called

A

the throat

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8
Q

what does the pharynx do

A

hold food and air

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9
Q

what is after/underneath the pharynx

A

the larynx

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10
Q

what is the larynx protected by

A

the epiglottis

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11
Q

what does the epiglottis do

A

directs food down the esophagus and air down the larynx

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12
Q

what happens after the larynx/ epiglottis

A

the trachea

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13
Q

what does the trachea do

A

heavily coated in mucus and ilia and filters the air before it enters the lungs

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14
Q

what happens at the entrance of the lungs

A

the trachea splits into left and right bronchi

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15
Q

what do to bronchi split into

A

smaller and smaller bronchioles

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16
Q

what do bronchioles split into

A

into alveoli at end of the tree

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17
Q

what do alveoli ressemble

A

tiny bindles of grapes

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18
Q

are the lungs symmetrical

A

no

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19
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have

A

2

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20
Q

how many lobes does the right lung have

A

3

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21
Q

tops and bottom of lobes are called

A

superior and inferior

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22
Q

the ______ lobe also has a -_____

A

right lobe also has a middle lobe

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23
Q

how do alveoli interact

A

w/ capillaries and provide oxygen while pulling out carbon dioxide

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24
Q

how can bronchi be categorized

A

based on how many branches have already occurred

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25
Q

at the base of the trachea there is what

A

division into left and right primary bronchi

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26
Q

the right bronchus is significantly

A

thicker than the left

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27
Q

all immediate divisions from primary bronchi

A

secondary bronchi

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28
Q

how many secondary bronchi on the left

A

2

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29
Q

how many secondary bronchi on the right

A

3

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30
Q

branches from the secondary bronchi

A

tertiary bronchi

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31
Q

from tertiary bronchi bronchi are called what

A

4th order, 5th order etc

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32
Q

when do bronchi become bronchioles

A

once there is no cartilage in the walls, instead only elastin

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33
Q

most of airway contains what

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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34
Q

which parts of airway contain ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

nasal sinus through bronchioles

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35
Q

in the epithelial layer with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium there are also many

A

goblet cells

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36
Q

what do goblet cells do

A

secrete mucus

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37
Q

inspiration

A

when air flows into the lungs

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38
Q

expiration

A

when air flows out of the lungs

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39
Q

respiration

A

all events that lead to adding oxygen to ad removing carbon dioxide from the blood

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40
Q

4 parts of respiration

A

pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
respiratory gas transport
internal respiration

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41
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing in and out

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42
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries

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43
Q

respiratory gas transport

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide carried through bloodstream

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44
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange between blood and cells

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45
Q

shallow respiration is driven by what

A

the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

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46
Q

diaphragm and intercostal muscles do what

A

each relaxes in expiration and contracts in inhalation

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47
Q

what do accessory muscles do

A

in the neck and abdomen help when forcefully or rapidly breathing

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48
Q

what are the ‘other’ ways air moves through the airway

A

coughing,sneezing,hiccuping,yawning

49
Q

coughing

A

quick inhalation. epiglottis closes. rapid exhalation forces solids through epiglottis, then it slams shut

50
Q

sneezing

A

like a cough, but the uvula directs air out of the nose instead of the mouth

51
Q

hiccuping

A

sudden involuntary inspirations from a spasm of the diaphragm

52
Q

yawning

A

involuntary ?, deep inspiration. all alveoli are ventilated

53
Q

other other other ways air moves through the airway

A

crying, laughing

54
Q

earths air is about how mch oxygen

A

21%

55
Q

the oxygen content is exhaled air

A

13-16% oxygen

56
Q

normally humans breathe how much per minute with what tidal volume

A

12-20 with a tidal volume of about 500mL

57
Q

when humans breathe how much air is moved per minute

A

6-10 litres

58
Q

hyperpnea

A

consuming more than 6-10 liters of air / min

59
Q

hypopnea

A

consuming less than 6-10 liters of air / min

60
Q

hyperventilation

A

breathing faster than 12-20 times/ min

61
Q

hypoventilation

A

breathing slower than 12-20 times/ min

62
Q

apnea

A

short-term breathing pauses

63
Q

how can the space inside the lung be measured

A 
total lung capacity 
vital capacity 
tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
inspiratory reserve volume
residual volume
64
Q

total lung capacity

A

(TLC) is the total amount of air the lungs can hold

65
Q

vital capacity

A

(VC)is the total difference in the amount of that can be held in the lungs when fully inhaled versus fully exhaled (not totally empty )

66
Q

tidal volume

A

(TV)is the amount breathed in and out in a normal, relaxed breath

67
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

(ERV)the air left inside in a normal (tidal) breath that you could exhale but don’t

68
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

(IRV)the air you could still inhale but don’t

69
Q

residual volume

A

(RV) is what you can’t ever get out of your lungs

70
Q

shock

A

refers to the lack of oxygen flow to cells

71
Q

if not treated shock always leads to

A

cellular death

72
Q

what are some things that can lead to shock

A

low blood pressure, anemia, infarction,

73
Q

a failure of the respiratory system will always lead to what

A

a decreased oxygenation of he blood… meaning cells will not receive enough oxygen

74
Q

respiratory shock

A

defined by a failure of gas exchange in the lungs,

75
Q

respiratory shock causes

A

typically caused by trauma to the lungs or airway

76
Q

list of respiratory shock causes

A

pleural effusion, atelectasis, pulmonary edema

77
Q

pleural effusion

A

pleural cavity comprised

78
Q

atelectasis

A

air isn’t making it to the alveoli

79
Q

pulmonary edema

A

alveoli are filled with fluid

80
Q

each lung is surrounded

A

by two concentric sacs, together called the pleurae

81
Q

the more deep of the pleurae

A

visceral pleura

82
Q

the more superficial of the pleura

A

parietal pleura

83
Q

there should be a small amount of what between pleurae

A

a few milliliters of pleural fluid between them to lubricate

84
Q

besides pleural fluid the pleurae should be

A

be empty

85
Q

pneumothorax

A

air gets trapped in the pleural cavity

86
Q

hemothorax

A

blood gets trapped in the pleural cavity

87
Q

hemopneumothorax

A

blood and air gets trapped in the pleural cavity

88
Q

hydrothorax

A

water gets trapped in the pleural cavity

89
Q

urinothorax

A

urine gets trapped in the pleural cavity

90
Q

pyothorax

A

pus gets trapped in the pleural cavity

91
Q

tension pneumothorax

A

special pneumothorax where pressure built up pushes heart to the side, causing sharp drop in blood pressure

92
Q

a tension pneumothorax can be

A

immediately life-threatening causing other types of shock

93
Q

pneumothorax, hemothoax and hemopneumothorax are all also called

A

punctured lungs

94
Q

treatment for punctured lungs

A

insertion chest tube

95
Q

fluid in the lungs

A

pleural effusion

96
Q

types of pleural effusions/ lung trauma

A

pneumothorax
hemothorax: Hemopneumothorax: Hydrothorax:
Urinothorax: Pyothorax:
Tension pneumothorax

97
Q

Atelectasis

A

blockage of the lungs, preventing air from making it down to the alveoli

98
Q

usually atelectasis happens

A

in bronchi or bronchioles

99
Q

reasons for atelectasis

A
  • mucus plug blocks the airway
  • physical blockages (kids inhaling toys)
  • tumor in lung s
100
Q

cure for atelectasis when mucus blocks air

A

percussion of the heart

101
Q

cure for atelectasis when physical blockages

A

bronchoscopy

102
Q

cure for atelectasis when it is a tumor

A

remove tumor

103
Q

are all atelectasis the same

A

no, some small ones aren’t that bad and lungs can compensate

104
Q

in a pulmonary edema is mostly a build up of what in the lungs

A

fluid, most likely blood

105
Q

how is pulmonary edema different from pleural effusion

A

pleural effusion is a buildup of fluid around the lungs

106
Q

two categories of pulmonary edema

A

cardiogenic, noncardiogenic

107
Q

cardiogenic edema

A

caused by a low-functioning heart

108
Q

noncardiogenic edema

A

caused by a variety of other factors

109
Q

what happens in both noncardiogenic and cardiogenic edema

A

alveoli fill with fluid and cannot facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

110
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

deficiency in perfusion due to anaphylaxis

111
Q

anaphylaxis

A

severe allergic reaction

112
Q

what happens in people with allergies

A

have immune systems that recognize mostly harmless substances, such as pollen or certain proteins as dangers

113
Q

what does the body release in a allergic reaction

A

histamine

114
Q

how does histamine fucntion

A

as a neurotransmitter or hormone to activate many different responses in the body

115
Q

histamine binds to what

A

a variety of receptors in the body

116
Q

some symptoms of histamine

A
  • hives
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • light-headedness
  • swelling of mouth/airway
  • shortness of breath
  • low blood pressure
  • abnormally slow or fast heart rate
117
Q

scariest of histamine symptoms

A

swelling of the airway, swelling can become so severe that a patient cannot properly inhale or exhale= death

118
Q

antihistamine

A

a wide category of drugs that serve as antagonists for histamine receptors

119
Q

what do antihistamines do

A

blocking histamines from sending their ‘danger’ signals, we can inhibit many things that histamine usually causes

anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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