test 10 respiratory system Flashcards
1
Q
primary functions of the respiratory system
A
- to bring oxygen into the bloodstream
- to remove carbon dioxide out of the bloodstream
2
Q
only place that gas exchange
A
alveoli
3
Q
what are alveoli
A
little sacs at the very base of the lungs that interact w/ capillaries
4
Q
normally in respiratory system, inhalation begins where
A
the nose, but can start in mouth instead
5
Q
after inhalation , where does air go
A
the nasal cavity, where air is warmed and moisturized
6
Q
what happens after the nasal cavity
A
the pharynx
7
Q
what is pharynx commonly called
A
the throat
8
Q
what does the pharynx do
A
hold food and air
9
Q
what is after/underneath the pharynx
A
the larynx
10
Q
what is the larynx protected by
A
the epiglottis
11
Q
what does the epiglottis do
A
directs food down the esophagus and air down the larynx
12
Q
what happens after the larynx/ epiglottis
A
the trachea
13
Q
what does the trachea do
A
heavily coated in mucus and ilia and filters the air before it enters the lungs
14
Q
what happens at the entrance of the lungs
A
the trachea splits into left and right bronchi
15
Q
what do to bronchi split into
A
smaller and smaller bronchioles
16
Q
what do bronchioles split into
A
into alveoli at end of the tree
17
Q
what do alveoli ressemble
A
tiny bindles of grapes
18
Q
are the lungs symmetrical
A
no
19
Q
how many lobes does the left lung have
A
2
20
Q
how many lobes does the right lung have
A
3
21
Q
tops and bottom of lobes are called
A
superior and inferior
22
Q
the ______ lobe also has a -_____
A
right lobe also has a middle lobe
23
Q
how do alveoli interact
A
w/ capillaries and provide oxygen while pulling out carbon dioxide
24
Q
how can bronchi be categorized
A
based on how many branches have already occurred
25
at the base of the trachea there is what
division into left and right primary bronchi
26
the right bronchus is significantly
thicker than the left
27
all immediate divisions from primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
28
how many secondary bronchi on the left
2
29
how many secondary bronchi on the right
3
30
branches from the secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
31
from tertiary bronchi bronchi are called what
4th order, 5th order etc
32
when do bronchi become bronchioles
once there is no cartilage in the walls, instead only elastin
33
most of airway contains what
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
34
which parts of airway contain ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
nasal sinus through bronchioles
35
in the epithelial layer with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium there are also many
goblet cells
36
what do goblet cells do
secrete mucus
37
inspiration
when air flows into the lungs
38
expiration
when air flows out of the lungs
39
respiration
all events that lead to adding oxygen to ad removing carbon dioxide from the blood
40
4 parts of respiration
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
respiratory gas transport
internal respiration
41
pulmonary ventilation
breathing in and out
42
external respiration
gas exchange between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries
43
respiratory gas transport
oxygen and carbon dioxide carried through bloodstream
44
internal respiration
gas exchange between blood and cells
45
shallow respiration is driven by what
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
46
diaphragm and intercostal muscles do what
each relaxes in expiration and contracts in inhalation
47
what do accessory muscles do
in the neck and abdomen help when forcefully or rapidly breathing
48
what are the 'other' ways air moves through the airway
coughing,sneezing,hiccuping,yawning
49
coughing
quick inhalation. epiglottis closes. rapid exhalation forces solids through epiglottis, then it slams shut
50
sneezing
like a cough, but the uvula directs air out of the nose instead of the mouth
51
hiccuping
sudden involuntary inspirations from a spasm of the diaphragm
52
yawning
involuntary ?, deep inspiration. all alveoli are ventilated
53
other other other ways air moves through the airway
crying, laughing
54
earths air is about how mch oxygen
21%
55
the oxygen content is exhaled air
13-16% oxygen
56
normally humans breathe how much per minute with what tidal volume
12-20 with a tidal volume of about 500mL
57
when humans breathe how much air is moved per minute
6-10 litres
58
hyperpnea
consuming more than 6-10 liters of air / min
59
hypopnea
consuming less than 6-10 liters of air / min
60
hyperventilation
breathing faster than 12-20 times/ min
61
hypoventilation
breathing slower than 12-20 times/ min
62
apnea
short-term breathing pauses
63
how can the space inside the lung be measured
```
total lung capacity
vital capacity
tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
inspiratory reserve volume
residual volume
```
64
total lung capacity
(TLC) is the total amount of air the lungs can hold
65
vital capacity
(VC)is the total difference in the amount of that can be held in the lungs when fully inhaled versus fully exhaled (not totally empty )
66
tidal volume
(TV)is the amount breathed in and out in a normal, relaxed breath
67
expiratory reserve volume
(ERV)the air left inside in a normal (tidal) breath that you could exhale but don't
68
inspiratory reserve volume
(IRV)the air you could still inhale but don't
69
residual volume
(RV) is what you can't ever get out of your lungs
70
shock
refers to the lack of oxygen flow to cells
71
if not treated shock always leads to
cellular death
72
what are some things that can lead to shock
low blood pressure, anemia, infarction,
73
a failure of the respiratory system will always lead to what
a decreased oxygenation of he blood... meaning cells will not receive enough oxygen
74
respiratory shock
defined by a failure of gas exchange in the lungs,
75
respiratory shock causes
typically caused by trauma to the lungs or airway
76
list of respiratory shock causes
pleural effusion, atelectasis, pulmonary edema
77
pleural effusion
pleural cavity comprised
78
atelectasis
air isn't making it to the alveoli
79
pulmonary edema
alveoli are filled with fluid
80
each lung is surrounded
by two concentric sacs, together called the pleurae
81
the more deep of the pleurae
visceral pleura
82
the more superficial of the pleura
parietal pleura
83
there should be a small amount of what between pleurae
a few milliliters of pleural fluid between them to lubricate
84
besides pleural fluid the pleurae should be
be empty
85
pneumothorax
air gets trapped in the pleural cavity
86
hemothorax
blood gets trapped in the pleural cavity
87
hemopneumothorax
blood and air gets trapped in the pleural cavity
88
hydrothorax
water gets trapped in the pleural cavity
89
urinothorax
urine gets trapped in the pleural cavity
90
pyothorax
pus gets trapped in the pleural cavity
91
tension pneumothorax
special pneumothorax where pressure built up pushes heart to the side, causing sharp drop in blood pressure
92
a tension pneumothorax can be
immediately life-threatening causing other types of shock
93
pneumothorax, hemothoax and hemopneumothorax are all also called
punctured lungs
94
treatment for punctured lungs
insertion chest tube
95
fluid in the lungs
pleural effusion
96
types of pleural effusions/ lung trauma
pneumothorax
hemothorax: Hemopneumothorax: Hydrothorax:
Urinothorax: Pyothorax:
Tension pneumothorax
97
Atelectasis
blockage of the lungs, preventing air from making it down to the alveoli
98
usually atelectasis happens
in bronchi or bronchioles
99
reasons for atelectasis
- mucus plug blocks the airway
- physical blockages (kids inhaling toys)
- tumor in lung s
100
cure for atelectasis when mucus blocks air
percussion of the heart
101
cure for atelectasis when physical blockages
bronchoscopy
102
cure for atelectasis when it is a tumor
remove tumor
103
are all atelectasis the same
no, some small ones aren't that bad and lungs can compensate
104
in a pulmonary edema is mostly a build up of what in the lungs
fluid, most likely blood
105
how is pulmonary edema different from pleural effusion
pleural effusion is a buildup of fluid around the lungs
106
two categories of pulmonary edema
cardiogenic, noncardiogenic
107
cardiogenic edema
caused by a low-functioning heart
108
noncardiogenic edema
caused by a variety of other factors
109
what happens in both noncardiogenic and cardiogenic edema
alveoli fill with fluid and cannot facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
110
anaphylactic shock
deficiency in perfusion due to anaphylaxis
111
anaphylaxis
severe allergic reaction
112
what happens in people with allergies
have immune systems that recognize mostly harmless substances, such as pollen or certain proteins as dangers
113
what does the body release in a allergic reaction
histamine
114
how does histamine fucntion
as a neurotransmitter or hormone to activate many different responses in the body
115
histamine binds to what
a variety of receptors in the body
116
some symptoms of histamine
- hives
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- light-headedness
- swelling of mouth/airway
- shortness of breath
- low blood pressure
- abnormally slow or fast heart rate
117
scariest of histamine symptoms
swelling of the airway, swelling can become so severe that a patient cannot properly inhale or exhale= death
118
antihistamine
a wide category of drugs that serve as antagonists for histamine receptors
119
what do antihistamines do
blocking histamines from sending their 'danger' signals, we can inhibit many things that histamine usually causes
