test 10 respiratory system Flashcards
primary functions of the respiratory system
- to bring oxygen into the bloodstream
- to remove carbon dioxide out of the bloodstream
only place that gas exchange
alveoli
what are alveoli
little sacs at the very base of the lungs that interact w/ capillaries
normally in respiratory system, inhalation begins where
the nose, but can start in mouth instead
after inhalation , where does air go
the nasal cavity, where air is warmed and moisturized
what happens after the nasal cavity
the pharynx
what is pharynx commonly called
the throat
what does the pharynx do
hold food and air
what is after/underneath the pharynx
the larynx
what is the larynx protected by
the epiglottis
what does the epiglottis do
directs food down the esophagus and air down the larynx
what happens after the larynx/ epiglottis
the trachea
what does the trachea do
heavily coated in mucus and ilia and filters the air before it enters the lungs
what happens at the entrance of the lungs
the trachea splits into left and right bronchi
what do to bronchi split into
smaller and smaller bronchioles
what do bronchioles split into
into alveoli at end of the tree
what do alveoli ressemble
tiny bindles of grapes
are the lungs symmetrical
no
how many lobes does the left lung have
2
how many lobes does the right lung have
3
tops and bottom of lobes are called
superior and inferior
the ______ lobe also has a -_____
right lobe also has a middle lobe
how do alveoli interact
w/ capillaries and provide oxygen while pulling out carbon dioxide
how can bronchi be categorized
based on how many branches have already occurred
at the base of the trachea there is what
division into left and right primary bronchi
the right bronchus is significantly
thicker than the left
all immediate divisions from primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
how many secondary bronchi on the left
2
how many secondary bronchi on the right
3
branches from the secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
from tertiary bronchi bronchi are called what
4th order, 5th order etc
when do bronchi become bronchioles
once there is no cartilage in the walls, instead only elastin
most of airway contains what
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
which parts of airway contain ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
nasal sinus through bronchioles
in the epithelial layer with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium there are also many
goblet cells
what do goblet cells do
secrete mucus
inspiration
when air flows into the lungs
expiration
when air flows out of the lungs
respiration
all events that lead to adding oxygen to ad removing carbon dioxide from the blood
4 parts of respiration
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
respiratory gas transport
internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation
breathing in and out
external respiration
gas exchange between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries
respiratory gas transport
oxygen and carbon dioxide carried through bloodstream
internal respiration
gas exchange between blood and cells
shallow respiration is driven by what
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
diaphragm and intercostal muscles do what
each relaxes in expiration and contracts in inhalation
what do accessory muscles do
in the neck and abdomen help when forcefully or rapidly breathing
what are the ‘other’ ways air moves through the airway
coughing,sneezing,hiccuping,yawning
coughing
quick inhalation. epiglottis closes. rapid exhalation forces solids through epiglottis, then it slams shut
sneezing
like a cough, but the uvula directs air out of the nose instead of the mouth
hiccuping
sudden involuntary inspirations from a spasm of the diaphragm
yawning
involuntary ?, deep inspiration. all alveoli are ventilated
other other other ways air moves through the airway
crying, laughing
earths air is about how mch oxygen
21%
the oxygen content is exhaled air
13-16% oxygen
normally humans breathe how much per minute with what tidal volume
12-20 with a tidal volume of about 500mL
when humans breathe how much air is moved per minute
6-10 litres
hyperpnea
consuming more than 6-10 liters of air / min
hypopnea
consuming less than 6-10 liters of air / min
hyperventilation
breathing faster than 12-20 times/ min
hypoventilation
breathing slower than 12-20 times/ min
apnea
short-term breathing pauses
how can the space inside the lung be measured
total lung capacity vital capacity tidal volume expiratory reserve volume inspiratory reserve volume residual volume
total lung capacity
(TLC) is the total amount of air the lungs can hold
vital capacity
(VC)is the total difference in the amount of that can be held in the lungs when fully inhaled versus fully exhaled (not totally empty )
tidal volume
(TV)is the amount breathed in and out in a normal, relaxed breath
expiratory reserve volume
(ERV)the air left inside in a normal (tidal) breath that you could exhale but don’t
inspiratory reserve volume
(IRV)the air you could still inhale but don’t
residual volume
(RV) is what you can’t ever get out of your lungs
shock
refers to the lack of oxygen flow to cells
if not treated shock always leads to
cellular death
what are some things that can lead to shock
low blood pressure, anemia, infarction,
a failure of the respiratory system will always lead to what
a decreased oxygenation of he blood… meaning cells will not receive enough oxygen
respiratory shock
defined by a failure of gas exchange in the lungs,
respiratory shock causes
typically caused by trauma to the lungs or airway
list of respiratory shock causes
pleural effusion, atelectasis, pulmonary edema
pleural effusion
pleural cavity comprised
atelectasis
air isn’t making it to the alveoli
pulmonary edema
alveoli are filled with fluid
each lung is surrounded
by two concentric sacs, together called the pleurae
the more deep of the pleurae
visceral pleura
the more superficial of the pleura
parietal pleura
there should be a small amount of what between pleurae
a few milliliters of pleural fluid between them to lubricate
besides pleural fluid the pleurae should be
be empty
pneumothorax
air gets trapped in the pleural cavity
hemothorax
blood gets trapped in the pleural cavity
hemopneumothorax
blood and air gets trapped in the pleural cavity
hydrothorax
water gets trapped in the pleural cavity
urinothorax
urine gets trapped in the pleural cavity
pyothorax
pus gets trapped in the pleural cavity
tension pneumothorax
special pneumothorax where pressure built up pushes heart to the side, causing sharp drop in blood pressure
a tension pneumothorax can be
immediately life-threatening causing other types of shock
pneumothorax, hemothoax and hemopneumothorax are all also called
punctured lungs
treatment for punctured lungs
insertion chest tube
fluid in the lungs
pleural effusion
types of pleural effusions/ lung trauma
pneumothorax
hemothorax: Hemopneumothorax: Hydrothorax:
Urinothorax: Pyothorax:
Tension pneumothorax
Atelectasis
blockage of the lungs, preventing air from making it down to the alveoli
usually atelectasis happens
in bronchi or bronchioles
reasons for atelectasis
- mucus plug blocks the airway
- physical blockages (kids inhaling toys)
- tumor in lung s
cure for atelectasis when mucus blocks air
percussion of the heart
cure for atelectasis when physical blockages
bronchoscopy
cure for atelectasis when it is a tumor
remove tumor
are all atelectasis the same
no, some small ones aren’t that bad and lungs can compensate
in a pulmonary edema is mostly a build up of what in the lungs
fluid, most likely blood
how is pulmonary edema different from pleural effusion
pleural effusion is a buildup of fluid around the lungs
two categories of pulmonary edema
cardiogenic, noncardiogenic
cardiogenic edema
caused by a low-functioning heart
noncardiogenic edema
caused by a variety of other factors
what happens in both noncardiogenic and cardiogenic edema
alveoli fill with fluid and cannot facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
anaphylactic shock
deficiency in perfusion due to anaphylaxis
anaphylaxis
severe allergic reaction
what happens in people with allergies
have immune systems that recognize mostly harmless substances, such as pollen or certain proteins as dangers
what does the body release in a allergic reaction
histamine
how does histamine fucntion
as a neurotransmitter or hormone to activate many different responses in the body
histamine binds to what
a variety of receptors in the body
some symptoms of histamine
- hives
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- light-headedness
- swelling of mouth/airway
- shortness of breath
- low blood pressure
- abnormally slow or fast heart rate
scariest of histamine symptoms
swelling of the airway, swelling can become so severe that a patient cannot properly inhale or exhale= death
antihistamine
a wide category of drugs that serve as antagonists for histamine receptors
what do antihistamines do
blocking histamines from sending their ‘danger’ signals, we can inhibit many things that histamine usually causes
