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anatomy and physiology > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the nervous system

A

system of cells that

  • sense information in and around the body ,
  • process or “make sense” of that information,
  • respond to that information
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2
Q

main cell type of nervous system

A

neuron

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3
Q

nervous system box

A

STUDY IT IS ON THE TEST

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4
Q

the nervous system can broken down into what two arts

A

the central nervous system (CNS), Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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5
Q

CNS

A

brain, brain stem and spinal cord

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6
Q

PNS

A

nerves outside the CNS

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7
Q

how many neurons are inside brain

A

86 billion

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8
Q

the brain is like a what

A

processing center for information

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9
Q

what happens with signals in the brain

A

signals are sent here, compiled and then a response signal is sent away

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10
Q

the brain had many parts that what

A

reuglate different processes

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11
Q

what is the brain stem

A

a 3 inch region at base of the brain

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12
Q

what is regulated in the brain stem

A

involuntary activities

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13
Q

the three parts of the brain stem

A

the midbrain, the pons, the medulla Oblongata

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14
Q

what is midbrain

A

has oversight over vision hearing and alertness, most superior

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15
Q

what is pons

A

has oversight over breathing, connects brain to spinal cord

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16
Q

what is medulla oblongata

A

has oversight over heart rate, blood pressure, and vomiting , most inferior

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17
Q

where does the spinal cord run

A

through the spine

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18
Q

the spinal cord is like a what

A

“two way street” that carroes signals to and from the brain

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19
Q

what is coordinated at the spinal cord

A

reflexes are coordinated here, they do not go all the way up to brain because it is faster this way

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20
Q

what happens with spinal cord injury

A

loss of control over all nerves at and below injury

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21
Q

loss of functions at and below break of spine

A

paraplegia

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22
Q

what is the somatic nervous system apart of

A

PNS

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23
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do

A

controls voluntary actions like moving

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24
Q

what are the two parts of the somatic nervous system

A

sensory and motor

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25
Q

what does sensory part of somatic nervous do

A

receive signals like pain, heat, touch (afférent)

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26
Q

what does motor part of somatic nervous system do

A

move muscles (efferent)

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27
Q

what do the sensory and motor part of the somatic nervous system do

A

connect in the CNS

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28
Q

afferent neurons

A

run towards the CNS

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29
Q

efferent neurons

A

run away from the CNS

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30
Q

the autonomic nervous system is apart of what

A

PNS

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31
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do

A

controls involuntary actions

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32
Q

two parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

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33
Q

all sensory nerve

A

afferent

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34
Q

all motor nerves

A

efferent

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35
Q

the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

A

PSNS and SNS

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36
Q

what are reflexes

A

automatic and predictable responses to stimuli

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37
Q

reflexes can be what

A

somatic or autonomic

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38
Q

what muscle does somatic control

A

skeletal muscle

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39
Q

what muscle does autonomic

A

smooth or cardiac

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40
Q

how to tell if it’s somatic or autonomic

A

if you can do it right NOW

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41
Q

inside of a nerve usually has a charge more

A

negative than the outside

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42
Q

when certain events occur and stimulate the nerve, the nerves will

A

rapidly shift their internal charge from negative to positive

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43
Q

the shift of internal charge from negative to positive begins where

A

near the axon hillock and progresses down the axon (action potential)

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44
Q

when a nerve fires (depolarization and repolarization

A

action potential

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45
Q

neurons do not actually what

A

touch each other

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46
Q

what happens since neurons don’t actually touch

A

the electrical signal will end at the end of a nerve’s axon

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47
Q

synapse

A

a small space between neurons that is 25nm

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48
Q

signals are carried across a synapse by chemicals called a

A

neurotransmitters but, they are only released in response in response to an action potential

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49
Q

neurotransmitters can be what

A

excitatory or inhibitory

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50
Q

excitatory

A

invoke more action potentials in future neurons

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51
Q

inhibitory

A

prevent more action potentials in the future

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52
Q

after contact the postsynaptic neuron, the neurotransmitters can be

A

reputake, or broken down by enzymes

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53
Q

reuptake

A

absorbed by the presynaptic neuron for further use

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54
Q

some examples of neurotransmiters

A

GABA, glutamate, dopamine, epinephrine

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55
Q

resting potential

A

the slight negative charge of a neuron

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56
Q

typical resting potetial

A

-70mV

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57
Q

each neurotransmitter that bind to neuron leads to what

A

to the cell’s resting potential slightly

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58
Q

some excitatory NTs do what

A

open ion channels that let all ions in

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59
Q

what happens since the outside of the cell is more positive

A

mostly positively charged particles like K+,Na+, Ca+ trickle into the cell

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60
Q

some inhibitory NT’s do what

A

open other channels that only let negative ions like Cl-in, makes the neuron even ore negative

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61
Q

If a neuron’s resting potential exceeds a certain amount

A

the neuron will fire an action potential

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62
Q

an certain amount that the resting potential needs to exceed to to fire action potential

A

the threshold potential around -55mV

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63
Q

if neuron resting potential dosen’t exceed threshold potential

A

it won’t fire an action potential

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64
Q

the sharp increase in neuronal charge during action potential

A

depolarization

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65
Q

depolarization is due to what

A

influx of positive Na+ ions

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66
Q

GRAPH IS ON TEST

A

STUFY

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67
Q

Depolarization quickly reverses itself in

A

repolarization

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68
Q

repolarization requires

A

sodium/potassium pumps to pump

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69
Q

what happens in repolarization (potassium pump)

A

pump three sodium ions out of a cell while bringing two potassiums in for a net loss of positive charges inside the cell

70
Q

repolarization works

A

against a concentration gradient

71
Q

hyperpolarization

A

the cell goes further negative than normal -70 mV, then balances back out, this is called the refractory period

72
Q

neurons cannot what

A

fire a new action potential until the refractory period ends

73
Q

travels through bloodstream +

A

hormone

74
Q

glands from the endocrine system secrete

A

hormones into bloodstream

75
Q

hormones can

A

bind to neurons and cause excitatory or block inhibitory action potentials too

76
Q

hormones are wht

A

much slower than neurotransmitters. last longer too

77
Q

examples of hormones

A

testosterone, epinephrine

78
Q

hormones are often

A

the same molecule or very similar to neurotransmitters

79
Q

hormones fall into what three main classes

A
  • steroids
  • proteins
  • amino acid derivatives
80
Q

patellar reflex

A

when your doctor strikes your knee with a hammer and the result is a knee-jerk reaction

81
Q

pupillary reflex

A

shining a light on one pupil, and both pupils contract when exposed to this light

82
Q

ciliospinal reflex

A

pain to the neck, or upper trunk area will cause the pupils to dilate only on the ipsilateral side (side of the body that the pain is applied to)

83
Q

diving reflex

A

slowing of heart rate in response to submersion in cold water

84
Q

Westphal’s sign

A

absence of the knee jerk reaction when your knee is striked with a hammer

85
Q

Adie Syndrome

A

Absence of both pupils contracting when light is shined on one pupil

86
Q

patellar reflex is

A

somatic

87
Q

pupillary reflex is

A

autonomic

88
Q

ciliospinal reflex is

A

autonomic

89
Q

diving reflex is

A

autonomic

90
Q

babinski reflex

A

when the sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt object ;;;somatic

91
Q

Photic Sneeze Reflex

A

Sneezing in response to looking at the sun ; autonomic

92
Q

Vagovagal Reflex

A

contracting GI in response to food ;autonomic

93
Q

Cremasteric Reflex

A

contraction that draws testes up in response to stroking of inner thigh ; autonomic

94
Q

Ankle Jerk Reflex

A

achilles tendon tapped foot jerks forward ; somatic

95
Q

Blushing

A

reddening of face; autonomic

96
Q

cough reflex

A

cough from sensitivity in airway linings; somatic

97
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron that delivers neurotransmitter

98
Q

post synaptic neuron

A

receiver of neurotransmitter

99
Q

paraplegia

A

loss of control over all nerves at and below spinal cord injury

100
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

spaces between Schwann cells

101
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

covers Schwann cells

102
Q

Schwann cells

A

cells on the axon

103
Q

axon terminal

A

releases neurotransmitters

104
Q

axon hillock

A

soma connects to axon

105
Q

soma

A

sums up received signals

106
Q

dendrite

A

recieves signals (the branches off the soma)

107
Q

part of neuron that sums up signals

A

soma

108
Q

part of neuron that receives signals

A

dendrites

109
Q

part of neuron that send signals

A

axon terminal

110
Q

cerebrum

A

the main part of the brain

111
Q

cerebellum

A

smaller, rounded structure at back of brain

112
Q

brain stem ( for labelling )

A

connects brain the spinal cord

113
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

divides the brain into 2 hemispheres, left and right

114
Q

transverse fissure

A

divides the cerebrum from the cerebellum

115
Q

sulcus

A

the groves between the gyri

116
Q

gyrus

A

the pink part; ridge or fold between two clefts on the cerebral surface of the brain

117
Q

frontal lobe

A

the the lobe at the front of the cerebrum

118
Q

temporal lobe

A

lobes at the bottom of each side of cerebrum

119
Q

occipital lobe

A

lobe in the back closest the cerebellum

120
Q

pariental lobe

A

the biggest lobe at the top of the cerebrum

121
Q

variety of what embedded in membrane of ells around the body

A

receptors

122
Q

what are receptors looking for

A

specific signal or signals to cause them to do certain thing s

123
Q

agonist

A

any chemical that binds to a receptor and activates it

124
Q

antagonists

A

chemicals that bind to the receptor, but don’t turn them on, instead they sit on the receptor and block them fro being activated

125
Q

agonist alone

A

full activation

126
Q

agonist and antagonist

A

less activation

127
Q

antagonist alone

A

no activation

128
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do

A

control body’s involuntary muscles

129
Q

2 parts of autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic (PSNS) and sympathetic (SNS) systems

130
Q

PSNS and SNS are in constant what

A

battle, trying to overtake or outweigh the other

131
Q

sympathetic nervous system response

A

fight or flight

132
Q

two hormones released in sympathetic nervous system

A

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

133
Q

sympathetic NS is going to do what things to survive sabertooth tiger

A
  • heart rate/volume up
  • blood pressure up
  • respiratory rate up
  • airway dilates
  • pupils dilate
  • glycogenolysis in liver
  • blood shunted away from GI
  • blood shunted towards muscles
134
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breaks glycogen into glucose

135
Q

adrenergic receptors come in

A

variety of shapes and sizes and do different things, all part of sympathetic nervous system

136
Q

adrenergic receptors

A

ay receptor where epinephrine or norepinephrine bind

137
Q

subtypes of adrenergic receptors

A

alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2 , beta-3

138
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest or digest (feed and breed)

139
Q

main hormone involved in parasympathetic nervous system

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

140
Q

parasympathetic nervous system will not help you

A

fight saber tooth tiger

141
Q

what does parasympathetic nervous system do

A

SLUDGE-PM

142
Q

what is SLUDGE-PN

A 
Salivation (drooling)
Lacrimation (tearing up)
Urination (Peeing)
Diaphoresis (sweating)
GI upset (diarrhea)
Emesis (vomiting)
Priapism (erection)
Miosis (pupils constrict)
143
Q

speed of parasympathetic response

A

much slower than sympathetic

144
Q

receptors that activate when acetylcholine binds to them

A

cholinergic receptors

145
Q

two types of cholinergic receptors

A

muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

146
Q

subtypes of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

A

M1 through M5 muscarinic receptors and N1 and N2 nicotinic receptors

147
Q

activation of cholinergic receptors causes

A

some of SLUDGE PM response to happen

148
Q

what happens when acetylcholine binds to M2 receptors in heart

A

slow heart rate

149
Q

what does atropine do

A

blocks M2 receptors, stopping ACh from binding there

150
Q

what type of chemical is atropine

A

antagonist

151
Q

who would you give atropine to

A

people whose hearts you want to go faster

152
Q

beta-1 receptors?

A

located mostly on the heart, norepinephrine and epinephrine can bind to it

153
Q

who do you give beta-blockers to

A

people whose hearts you don’t want to beat too fast, could stop heart attack

154
Q

what happens when norepinephrine binds to beta-1 receptors

A

heart beats harder and faster

155
Q

what is the suffix for beta-blockers

A

olol

156
Q

what are beta blockers

A

drugs that block beta-1 receptors from binding to norepinephrine and epinephrine

157
Q

epinephrine also binds to which important receptors located AROUND the body

A

beta-2 receptors

158
Q

what happens when epinephrine binds to beta-2 receptors

A

the muscles in the bronchi in lungs relax, which allows the bronchi to expand

159
Q

EpiPens do what

A

inject epineprhien straight into the blood stream

160
Q

what would epipens do to BP/HR

A

heart rate gets faster and blood pressure raises

161
Q

what would epipens do in anaphylaxis

A

it allows airways to relax and get bigger

162
Q

PSNS and SNS run through what

A

the CNS (spinal cord)

163
Q

severe neck/spine injury can wipe out what

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

164
Q

PSNS is much sower than what than SNS

A

being wiped out by neck/spine injury

165
Q

PSNS takes longer to dispear because

A

hormones linger around

166
Q

neck/spine trauma often indicated by

A

priapism

167
Q

people hanged often experience

A

death erection when neck breaks in execution because of PSNS overload

168
Q

regions of spine top to bottom

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccyx
169
Q

how to find the number of neurons in the brain

A

dissolving the cell membrane of cells of the brain and creating a homogenous mixture of the lot. then take a sample of the soup, count the number of nuclei belonging to neurons and then scale to the overall number

170
Q

M2 locations

A

forebrain, thalamus, heart, pupil, spinal cord, exocrine

anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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