cardiovascular system Flashcards
1
Q
purposes of cardiovascular system
A
transport, protection, regulation
2
Q
how does cardiovascular system transport
A
deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones to cells across the body and removes waste
3
Q
what waste does the cardiovascular system remove
A
CO2 etc.
4
Q
how does the cardiovascular system protect
A
white blood cells and antibodies help fight infection, platelet clot wounds
5
Q
how does the cardiovascular system do regulation
A
helps the body maintain temperature, pH and water level
6
Q
what are the three elements of the cardiovascular system
A
the heart (pump), the blood vessels (container), the blood (stuff)
7
Q
when blood is run through a centrifuge, it sorts into what distinct layers
A
plasma, buffy coat, hematocrit
8
Q
in the average human, there are roughly _____ of blood in the body
A
5 litres
9
Q
plasma makes up how much of blood
A
55%
10
Q
how much of plasma is water
A
92%
11
Q
how much of plasma consists of various proteins
A
7%
12
Q
what does albumin do
A
maintains osmotic pressure
13
Q
hypoalbuminemia
A
low levels of albmin leads to edema (swelling)
14
Q
globulins
A
transport hormones
15
Q
fibrinogens
A
aid in clotting
16
Q
which plasma proteins are made in the liver
A
albumin, globulins, fibrinogens
17
Q
what percentage of the plasma is “other stuff”
A
1%
18
Q
what “other stuff” make up the plasma membrane
A
salts, nutrients like glucose, hormones, dissolved gases
19
Q
what does the buffy coat contain
A
white blood cells
20
Q
the buffy coat makes up how much of the blood volume
A
1%
21
Q
another name for white bllood cells
A
leukocytes
22
Q
what are leukocytes involve in
A
immune response to infection
23
Q
leukocytes are the only ______ in the _____
A
nucleate, bloodstream
24
Q
how many types of leukocytes found n the blood
A
5
25
what can leukocytes slip through
blood vessels that aren't capillaries, in a process called diapedisis
26
how many white blood cells are there
4500-11000 white blood cells/ mm3
27
leukocytosis
too many white blood cells
28
what can leukocytosis cause
signals infection or some cancers
29
leukopenia
not enough white blood cells
30
what can leukopenia cause
signs chemotherapy, radiation or some viral infections like HIV
31
the buffy coat also contains ______ who primary function is to _______
platelets, aid in clotting
32
where do platelets come from
a cell type called megakaryocyte
33
what are megakaryocytes made by
made by bone marrow
34
what do megakaryocytes do
grow very large and then rupture, releasing over 1000 platelets
35
are platelets cells
no
36
platelets love to
stick to collagen
37
what happens when platelets stick to collagen
clotting occurs
38
what is the hematocrit
the percentage of blood that is red blood cells
39
what should the hematocrit be in males
45%
40
what should the hematocrit be in females
40%
41
another name for red blood cells
erythrocytes
42
where are red blood cells made
in the bone marrow
43
what do red blood cells look like
anucleate and have no organelles
44
what do erythrocytes do
carry massive amounts of protein hemoglobin
45
how many hemoglobins per red blood cell
250 million
46
each hemoglobin holds how many 02 molecules
4 O2 molecules
47
the shape of red blood cells give them
a high surface area: volume ratio
48
anemia
any disorder where blood transports oxygen less efficiently.
49
how many types of anemia
over 400
50
iron deficiency (anemia)
hemoglobin requires iron in its structure
51
sickle-cell (anemia)
hemoglobin protein has a single mutation
52
thalassemia (anemia)
imbalance in production of a and b subunits
53
aplastic
toxins or other stuff stop marrow from producing RBCs
54
Thrombocytopenia
any disorder that causes a decrease in the number of platelets
55
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
X-linked clotting disorder that causes a decrease in the number of platelets can cause thrombocytopenia
56
Dengue Fever
Rare cases lead to low platelet counts can cause thromocytopenia
57
types of thrombocytopenia
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
| - Dengue Fever
58
how do blood vessels "run" around the body
run in a circle starting at the heart
59
blood...
leaves the heart through large arteries...
60
arteries...
branch into arterioles
61
arterioles...
split into capillaries
62
capillaries...
reassemble into venules
63
venules....
merge to form veins
64
three layers of the lining of an artery from inside to outside
tunic intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
65
lumen
the hollow part of a blood vessel
66
tunica intima
has endothelial cells that directly contact blood and reduce friction as blood passes
67
tunica media
has smooth muscle and elastic tissue, allowing for vasodilation or vasoconstriction
68
tunica adventitia
is made up of mostly collagen and usually anchors arteries to surrounding tissue
69
arteries run_____ from the heart
away
70
which arteries stem directly from the heart
pulmonary artery, aorta
71
what does pulmonary artery do
runs towards the lungs and splits into left and right
72
what does the aorta do
branches into smaller and smaller arteries that run around the body
73
which artery comes from the left ventricle
aorta
74
which artery comes from the right ventricle
pulmonary
75
the aorta can be split into what parts
the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, the descending aorta
76
ascending aorta
a short span where the aorta leaves the heart
77
aortic arch
where the aorta bends downward
78
descending aorta
where the aorta runs down the body
79
branches of the aorta
coronary arteries, carotid arteries, subclavian arteries
80
coronary arteries
feed them heart, branch off the ascending aorta
81
carotid arteries
feed head, branch off the aortic arch
82
subclavian arteries
feed the chest and arms, branch of the aortic arch
83
what happens on the right side of the aorta
the brachiocephalic trunk branches into the carotid and subclavian arteries
84
the aorta has many more branches that feed ______ before _______
abdominal organs, before splitting into the left and right iliac arteries
85
left and right iliac arteries
feed the legs
86
capillaries are the site of
actual movement of molecules in or out of bloodstream
87
capillaries generally work in
beds with several capillaries (10-100) stemming from a single arteriole
88
matatertriole
larger vessel from arteriole that passes through a capillary meets a thoroughfare channel that connects to a venule on the other side
89
precapillary sphincters
can open or close around capillaries, allowing or preventing blood from entering
90
size of capillaries
very small (6-8um) diameter.
91
size of red blood cells
6 um
92
what do veins do
carry blood back to the heart
93
the capillaries only how much oxygen out of the blood
20% of available oxygen
94
in time of exercise, how much oxygen can the capillaries pull out of the blood
80-90%
95
venous blood has ______ than arterial blood
less oxygen
96
what color are vein vessels
clear
97
what color is oxygenated blood
bright red
98
what color is deoxygenated blood
dark red
99
veins generally work
against gravity
100
blood loses _____ upon
its pressure upon moving through capillaries
101
what is the inly what to push blood back up through veins
by filling the veins with more blood
102
veins generally have
a valve system to stop backflow
103
as people age valves in veins...
can stop working and cause buildup (edema)
104
standing blood can lead
to deep vein thrombosis
105
varicose veins
veins widen/stretches, older people asked to wear compression socks on flights
106
two main veins that connect to the heart
superior vena cava, inferior vena cave,
107
superior vena cava
enters the heart from above (superior)
108
inferior vena cava
enters the heart from below (inferior)
109
both venae cavae enter which heart chamber
the right atrium
110
the ______ returns from the lungs and enters the _____
pulmonary vein, left atrium
111
differences between veins and arteries
veins have valves to prevent backflow, arteries have a much thicker tunica media
112
tunica media
smooth muscle for constriction . dilation
113
veins carry blood
back toward the heart
114
arteries carry blood
away from the heart
115
jugular veins
provide blood to superior vena cava
