cardiovascular system Flashcards
purposes of cardiovascular system
transport, protection, regulation
how does cardiovascular system transport
deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones to cells across the body and removes waste
what waste does the cardiovascular system remove
CO2 etc.
how does the cardiovascular system protect
white blood cells and antibodies help fight infection, platelet clot wounds
how does the cardiovascular system do regulation
helps the body maintain temperature, pH and water level
what are the three elements of the cardiovascular system
the heart (pump), the blood vessels (container), the blood (stuff)
when blood is run through a centrifuge, it sorts into what distinct layers
plasma, buffy coat, hematocrit
in the average human, there are roughly _____ of blood in the body
5 litres
plasma makes up how much of blood
55%
how much of plasma is water
92%
how much of plasma consists of various proteins
7%
what does albumin do
maintains osmotic pressure
hypoalbuminemia
low levels of albmin leads to edema (swelling)
globulins
transport hormones
fibrinogens
aid in clotting
which plasma proteins are made in the liver
albumin, globulins, fibrinogens
what percentage of the plasma is “other stuff”
1%
what “other stuff” make up the plasma membrane
salts, nutrients like glucose, hormones, dissolved gases
what does the buffy coat contain
white blood cells
the buffy coat makes up how much of the blood volume
1%
another name for white bllood cells
leukocytes
what are leukocytes involve in
immune response to infection
leukocytes are the only ______ in the _____
nucleate, bloodstream
how many types of leukocytes found n the blood
5
what can leukocytes slip through
blood vessels that aren’t capillaries, in a process called diapedisis
how many white blood cells are there
4500-11000 white blood cells/ mm3
leukocytosis
too many white blood cells
what can leukocytosis cause
signals infection or some cancers
leukopenia
not enough white blood cells
what can leukopenia cause
signs chemotherapy, radiation or some viral infections like HIV
the buffy coat also contains ______ who primary function is to _______
platelets, aid in clotting
where do platelets come from
a cell type called megakaryocyte
what are megakaryocytes made by
made by bone marrow
what do megakaryocytes do
grow very large and then rupture, releasing over 1000 platelets
are platelets cells
no
platelets love to
stick to collagen
what happens when platelets stick to collagen
clotting occurs
what is the hematocrit
the percentage of blood that is red blood cells
what should the hematocrit be in males
45%
what should the hematocrit be in females
40%
another name for red blood cells
erythrocytes
where are red blood cells made
in the bone marrow
what do red blood cells look like
anucleate and have no organelles
what do erythrocytes do
carry massive amounts of protein hemoglobin
how many hemoglobins per red blood cell
250 million
each hemoglobin holds how many 02 molecules
4 O2 molecules
the shape of red blood cells give them
a high surface area: volume ratio
anemia
any disorder where blood transports oxygen less efficiently.
how many types of anemia
over 400
iron deficiency (anemia)
hemoglobin requires iron in its structure
sickle-cell (anemia)
hemoglobin protein has a single mutation
thalassemia (anemia)
imbalance in production of a and b subunits
aplastic
toxins or other stuff stop marrow from producing RBCs
Thrombocytopenia
any disorder that causes a decrease in the number of platelets
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
X-linked clotting disorder that causes a decrease in the number of platelets can cause thrombocytopenia
Dengue Fever
Rare cases lead to low platelet counts can cause thromocytopenia
types of thrombocytopenia
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
- Dengue Fever
how do blood vessels “run” around the body
run in a circle starting at the heart
blood…
leaves the heart through large arteries…
arteries…
branch into arterioles
arterioles…
split into capillaries
capillaries…
reassemble into venules
venules….
merge to form veins
three layers of the lining of an artery from inside to outside
tunic intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
lumen
the hollow part of a blood vessel
tunica intima
has endothelial cells that directly contact blood and reduce friction as blood passes
tunica media
has smooth muscle and elastic tissue, allowing for vasodilation or vasoconstriction
tunica adventitia
is made up of mostly collagen and usually anchors arteries to surrounding tissue
arteries run_____ from the heart
away
which arteries stem directly from the heart
pulmonary artery, aorta
what does pulmonary artery do
runs towards the lungs and splits into left and right
what does the aorta do
branches into smaller and smaller arteries that run around the body
which artery comes from the left ventricle
aorta
which artery comes from the right ventricle
pulmonary
the aorta can be split into what parts
the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, the descending aorta
ascending aorta
a short span where the aorta leaves the heart
aortic arch
where the aorta bends downward
descending aorta
where the aorta runs down the body
branches of the aorta
coronary arteries, carotid arteries, subclavian arteries
coronary arteries
feed them heart, branch off the ascending aorta
carotid arteries
feed head, branch off the aortic arch
subclavian arteries
feed the chest and arms, branch of the aortic arch
what happens on the right side of the aorta
the brachiocephalic trunk branches into the carotid and subclavian arteries
the aorta has many more branches that feed ______ before _______
abdominal organs, before splitting into the left and right iliac arteries
left and right iliac arteries
feed the legs
capillaries are the site of
actual movement of molecules in or out of bloodstream
capillaries generally work in
beds with several capillaries (10-100) stemming from a single arteriole
matatertriole
larger vessel from arteriole that passes through a capillary meets a thoroughfare channel that connects to a venule on the other side
precapillary sphincters
can open or close around capillaries, allowing or preventing blood from entering
size of capillaries
very small (6-8um) diameter.
size of red blood cells
6 um
what do veins do
carry blood back to the heart
the capillaries only how much oxygen out of the blood
20% of available oxygen
in time of exercise, how much oxygen can the capillaries pull out of the blood
80-90%
venous blood has ______ than arterial blood
less oxygen
what color are vein vessels
clear
what color is oxygenated blood
bright red
what color is deoxygenated blood
dark red
veins generally work
against gravity
blood loses _____ upon
its pressure upon moving through capillaries
what is the inly what to push blood back up through veins
by filling the veins with more blood
veins generally have
a valve system to stop backflow
as people age valves in veins…
can stop working and cause buildup (edema)
standing blood can lead
to deep vein thrombosis
varicose veins
veins widen/stretches, older people asked to wear compression socks on flights
two main veins that connect to the heart
superior vena cava, inferior vena cave,
superior vena cava
enters the heart from above (superior)
inferior vena cava
enters the heart from below (inferior)
both venae cavae enter which heart chamber
the right atrium
the ______ returns from the lungs and enters the _____
pulmonary vein, left atrium
differences between veins and arteries
veins have valves to prevent backflow, arteries have a much thicker tunica media
tunica media
smooth muscle for constriction . dilation
veins carry blood
back toward the heart
arteries carry blood
away from the heart
jugular veins
provide blood to superior vena cava
