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anatomy and physiology > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

purposes of cardiovascular system

A

transport, protection, regulation

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2
Q

how does cardiovascular system transport

A

deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones to cells across the body and removes waste

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3
Q

what waste does the cardiovascular system remove

A

CO2 etc.

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4
Q

how does the cardiovascular system protect

A

white blood cells and antibodies help fight infection, platelet clot wounds

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5
Q

how does the cardiovascular system do regulation

A

helps the body maintain temperature, pH and water level

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6
Q

what are the three elements of the cardiovascular system

A

the heart (pump), the blood vessels (container), the blood (stuff)

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7
Q

when blood is run through a centrifuge, it sorts into what distinct layers

A

plasma, buffy coat, hematocrit

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8
Q

in the average human, there are roughly _____ of blood in the body

A

5 litres

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9
Q

plasma makes up how much of blood

A

55%

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10
Q

how much of plasma is water

A

92%

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11
Q

how much of plasma consists of various proteins

A

7%

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12
Q

what does albumin do

A

maintains osmotic pressure

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13
Q

hypoalbuminemia

A

low levels of albmin leads to edema (swelling)

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14
Q

globulins

A

transport hormones

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15
Q

fibrinogens

A

aid in clotting

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16
Q

which plasma proteins are made in the liver

A

albumin, globulins, fibrinogens

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17
Q

what percentage of the plasma is “other stuff”

A

1%

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18
Q

what “other stuff” make up the plasma membrane

A

salts, nutrients like glucose, hormones, dissolved gases

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19
Q

what does the buffy coat contain

A

white blood cells

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20
Q

the buffy coat makes up how much of the blood volume

A

1%

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21
Q

another name for white bllood cells

A

leukocytes

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22
Q

what are leukocytes involve in

A

immune response to infection

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23
Q

leukocytes are the only ______ in the _____

A

nucleate, bloodstream

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24
Q

how many types of leukocytes found n the blood

A

5

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25
Q

what can leukocytes slip through

A

blood vessels that aren’t capillaries, in a process called diapedisis

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26
Q

how many white blood cells are there

A

4500-11000 white blood cells/ mm3

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27
Q

leukocytosis

A

too many white blood cells

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28
Q

what can leukocytosis cause

A

signals infection or some cancers

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29
Q

leukopenia

A

not enough white blood cells

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30
Q

what can leukopenia cause

A

signs chemotherapy, radiation or some viral infections like HIV

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31
Q

the buffy coat also contains ______ who primary function is to _______

A

platelets, aid in clotting

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32
Q

where do platelets come from

A

a cell type called megakaryocyte

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33
Q

what are megakaryocytes made by

A

made by bone marrow

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34
Q

what do megakaryocytes do

A

grow very large and then rupture, releasing over 1000 platelets

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35
Q

are platelets cells

A

no

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36
Q

platelets love to

A

stick to collagen

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37
Q

what happens when platelets stick to collagen

A

clotting occurs

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38
Q

what is the hematocrit

A

the percentage of blood that is red blood cells

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39
Q

what should the hematocrit be in males

A

45%

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40
Q

what should the hematocrit be in females

A

40%

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41
Q

another name for red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

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42
Q

where are red blood cells made

A

in the bone marrow

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43
Q

what do red blood cells look like

A

anucleate and have no organelles

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44
Q

what do erythrocytes do

A

carry massive amounts of protein hemoglobin

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45
Q

how many hemoglobins per red blood cell

A

250 million

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46
Q

each hemoglobin holds how many 02 molecules

A

4 O2 molecules

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47
Q

the shape of red blood cells give them

A

a high surface area: volume ratio

48
Q

anemia

A

any disorder where blood transports oxygen less efficiently.

49
Q

how many types of anemia

A

over 400

50
Q

iron deficiency (anemia)

A

hemoglobin requires iron in its structure

51
Q

sickle-cell (anemia)

A

hemoglobin protein has a single mutation

52
Q

thalassemia (anemia)

A

imbalance in production of a and b subunits

53
Q

aplastic

A

toxins or other stuff stop marrow from producing RBCs

54
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

any disorder that causes a decrease in the number of platelets

55
Q

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

A

X-linked clotting disorder that causes a decrease in the number of platelets can cause thrombocytopenia

56
Q

Dengue Fever

A

Rare cases lead to low platelet counts can cause thromocytopenia

57
Q

types of thrombocytopenia

A
  • Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

- Dengue Fever

58
Q

how do blood vessels “run” around the body

A

run in a circle starting at the heart

59
Q

blood…

A

leaves the heart through large arteries…

60
Q

arteries…

A

branch into arterioles

61
Q

arterioles…

A

split into capillaries

62
Q

capillaries…

A

reassemble into venules

63
Q

venules….

A

merge to form veins

64
Q

three layers of the lining of an artery from inside to outside

A

tunic intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

65
Q

lumen

A

the hollow part of a blood vessel

66
Q

tunica intima

A

has endothelial cells that directly contact blood and reduce friction as blood passes

67
Q

tunica media

A

has smooth muscle and elastic tissue, allowing for vasodilation or vasoconstriction

68
Q

tunica adventitia

A

is made up of mostly collagen and usually anchors arteries to surrounding tissue

69
Q

arteries run_____ from the heart

A

away

70
Q

which arteries stem directly from the heart

A

pulmonary artery, aorta

71
Q

what does pulmonary artery do

A

runs towards the lungs and splits into left and right

72
Q

what does the aorta do

A

branches into smaller and smaller arteries that run around the body

73
Q

which artery comes from the left ventricle

A

aorta

74
Q

which artery comes from the right ventricle

A

pulmonary

75
Q

the aorta can be split into what parts

A

the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, the descending aorta

76
Q

ascending aorta

A

a short span where the aorta leaves the heart

77
Q

aortic arch

A

where the aorta bends downward

78
Q

descending aorta

A

where the aorta runs down the body

79
Q

branches of the aorta

A

coronary arteries, carotid arteries, subclavian arteries

80
Q

coronary arteries

A

feed them heart, branch off the ascending aorta

81
Q

carotid arteries

A

feed head, branch off the aortic arch

82
Q

subclavian arteries

A

feed the chest and arms, branch of the aortic arch

83
Q

what happens on the right side of the aorta

A

the brachiocephalic trunk branches into the carotid and subclavian arteries

84
Q

the aorta has many more branches that feed ______ before _______

A

abdominal organs, before splitting into the left and right iliac arteries

85
Q

left and right iliac arteries

A

feed the legs

86
Q

capillaries are the site of

A

actual movement of molecules in or out of bloodstream

87
Q

capillaries generally work in

A

beds with several capillaries (10-100) stemming from a single arteriole

88
Q

matatertriole

A

larger vessel from arteriole that passes through a capillary meets a thoroughfare channel that connects to a venule on the other side

89
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

can open or close around capillaries, allowing or preventing blood from entering

90
Q

size of capillaries

A

very small (6-8um) diameter.

91
Q

size of red blood cells

A

6 um

92
Q

what do veins do

A

carry blood back to the heart

93
Q

the capillaries only how much oxygen out of the blood

A

20% of available oxygen

94
Q

in time of exercise, how much oxygen can the capillaries pull out of the blood

A

80-90%

95
Q

venous blood has ______ than arterial blood

A

less oxygen

96
Q

what color are vein vessels

A

clear

97
Q

what color is oxygenated blood

A

bright red

98
Q

what color is deoxygenated blood

A

dark red

99
Q

veins generally work

A

against gravity

100
Q

blood loses _____ upon

A

its pressure upon moving through capillaries

101
Q

what is the inly what to push blood back up through veins

A

by filling the veins with more blood

102
Q

veins generally have

A

a valve system to stop backflow

103
Q

as people age valves in veins…

A

can stop working and cause buildup (edema)

104
Q

standing blood can lead

A

to deep vein thrombosis

105
Q

varicose veins

A

veins widen/stretches, older people asked to wear compression socks on flights

106
Q

two main veins that connect to the heart

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cave,

107
Q

superior vena cava

A

enters the heart from above (superior)

108
Q

inferior vena cava

A

enters the heart from below (inferior)

109
Q

both venae cavae enter which heart chamber

A

the right atrium

110
Q

the ______ returns from the lungs and enters the _____

A

pulmonary vein, left atrium

111
Q

differences between veins and arteries

A

veins have valves to prevent backflow, arteries have a much thicker tunica media

112
Q

tunica media

A

smooth muscle for constriction . dilation

113
Q

veins carry blood

A

back toward the heart

114
Q

arteries carry blood

A

away from the heart

115
Q

jugular veins

A

provide blood to superior vena cava

anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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