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anatomy and physiology > quiz 4 cells > Flashcards

quiz 4 cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is extracellular space

A

the space between cells

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2
Q

what does the extracellular space contain

A

extracellular fluid

extracellular matrix

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3
Q

what is the extracellular fluid

A

mostly water (saline)

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4
Q

what is the extracellular matrix

A

solid or gel like materials (lots of collagen) that holds the body together

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5
Q

are some areas of the body very dense with cells

A

yes

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6
Q

what do areas with very few cells have a lot of instead

A

matrix

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7
Q

what is a prokaryote

A

single-celled organism with lack of nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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8
Q

what is a eukaryote

A

single celled or multi celled organism, contains nucleus and organelles

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9
Q

what are the only cells in the human body that aren’t eukaryotic

A

red blood cells

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10
Q

how many specialized types of cells in the human body

A

290

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11
Q

all specialized cells are derived from what one cell

A

the zygote

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12
Q

what is the zygote

A

formed when a mother’s egg meets a father’s sperm

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13
Q

what is cell differentiation

A

a cell growing up and “deciding” what it wants to be

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14
Q

how can cell differentiation be represented

A

many branches of a tree coming from one trunk

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15
Q

the steps of cell differentiation are often

A

irreversible

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16
Q

what are stem cells

A

cells that go under self renewal

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17
Q

what is self renewal for stem cells

A

they divide into two cells, and one goes on to grow up, while the other remains a stem cell

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18
Q

what are the two types of stem cells

A

totipotent stem cells, pluripotent stem cells

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19
Q

what are totipotent stem cells

A

can “grow up” to become anything

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20
Q

what are pluripotent stem cells

A

can grow up to become several things, but not all things. there are many pluripotent stem cells in a full-grown body

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21
Q

what are progenitor cells

A

they are no longer stem cells because they do not self-renew, although some still divide. they can still become many different things when the grow up

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22
Q

what are differentiated cells

A

cells that are all “grown up”

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23
Q

what is the nucleus home to

A

the dna

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24
Q

does the dna ever leave the nucleus

A

no

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25
Q

where are ribosomes made

A

the nucleus

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26
Q

what part of the nucleus are ribosomes made

A

the nucleoli

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27
Q

what envelope does the nucleus have

A

a nuclear envelope

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28
Q

what does the nuclear envelope do

A

it is a membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell

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29
Q

what is the plasma membrane

A

a “bag” around the cell

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30
Q

what is the cell membrane made of

A

a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads on the outside and hydrophobic tails on the inside

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31
Q

what does the hydrophobic tails on the inside do

A

stops water-soluble particles from entering

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32
Q

what must membrane fluidity reman

A

relatively constant despite changing conditions

33
Q

what are the three things that influence membrane fluidity

A
  1. temperature
  2. cholesterol
  3. unsaturated/ saturated fatty acids
34
Q

how does low temperature influence membrane fluidity

A

it makes the fluidity lower and the phospholipids closer together

35
Q

how does high temperature influence membrane fluidity

A

it makes fluidity increase and the phospholipids be further apart

36
Q

what is crystalized state

A

the cell membrane at a very low temperature

37
Q

how does cholesterol effect membrane fluidity at low temperatures

A

it can insert itself between phospholipids and increase the distance between them, and increases fluidity

38
Q

how does cholesterol effect membrane fluidity at high temperatures

A

it inserts itself between phospholipids and causes the lipids to be closer together and decreases membrane fluidity

39
Q

cholesterol is like a _____ for membrane fluidity

A

a buffer

40
Q

what is the difference between the bonds of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the phospholipids

A

the unsaturated look different and have double bonds

41
Q

which type of fatty acids tacks better

A

the saturated fatty acids

42
Q

how do having saturated fatty acids affect membrane fluidity

A

it lower fluidity

43
Q

how do having unsaturated fatty acids affect membrane fluidity

A

it increases fluidity

44
Q

what are the four types of membrane proteins

A

transport proteins, receptor proteins, adhesion proteins, glycoproteins

45
Q

what do transport proteins do

A
  • they move things in or out of cells
  • they can usually be opened or closed
  • they are extremely selective
46
Q

what do receptor proteins do

A

help the inside and outside of the cell communicate

47
Q

which types of membrane proteins work together

A

transport and receptor proteins

48
Q

what do adhesion proteins do

A

like integrins, they help cells stick in place, some grab onto collagen in extracellular space, others grab onto other integrins on other cells and “hold hands”

49
Q

what do glycoproteins do

A

stick carbon chains into the extracellular space, forming a glycocalyx

50
Q

what does the cytoplasm do

A

fills space inside the membrane outside of the nucleus

51
Q

what are the three main parts of the cytoplasm

A

the cytosol, the organelles, inclusions

52
Q

what is the cytosol

A

jelly-like fluid that fills space

53
Q

what are the organelles

A

machinery of the cell that floats in cytosol

54
Q

what re the inclusions

A

other pieces like fat droplets, proteins, pigments

55
Q

what are the mitochondria

A

the powerhouseS of the cells

56
Q

what happens in the mitochondria

A

glucose is broken down by enzymes, turned into ATP

57
Q

do mitochondria numbers vary widely by cell type

A

yes

58
Q

which cells have more mitochondria

A

cells that need more energy

59
Q

what are ribosomes

A

the site of protein synthesis

60
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A

proteins and RNA

61
Q

where are ribosomes NOT found

A

in the nucleus

62
Q

where are ribosomes found

A
  • floating in cytosol

- attached to endoplasmic reticulum

63
Q

what is endoplasmic reticulum

A

the circulatory system of the cell, a series of channels that can transport things

64
Q

what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth ER and rough ER

65
Q

describe the smooth ER

A

no ribosomes, involved in breaking down chemicals

66
Q

where is smooth ER commonly found

A

the liver

67
Q

describe the rough ER

A

has ribosomes, proteins are made here and can be transported around or out of the cell

68
Q

where is rough ER common

A

in cells that make proteins to be sent out of cells

69
Q

what is an example of cells that have lots of rough ER

A

cells in islets of Langerhans in pancreas have much rough ER, because they make insulin which is secreted there

70
Q

what is the golgi apparatus

A

the “post office” of the cell whose primary purpose is to “mark” proteins with directions of where to go

71
Q

what do proteins with similar directions do

A

form into “pods” and pinch off in secretory vesicles

72
Q

what do secretory vesicles do

A
  • some vessels exit the cell through process called exocytosis
  • others may go to membrane or lysosome
73
Q

what are lysosomes

A

“break down bodies” that are sacs of enzymes that break almost anything down

74
Q

what are the four types of enzymes in lysosomes

A

proteases, nucleases, lipases, amylases

75
Q

what do proteases do

A

break down proteins

76
Q

what do nucleases do

A

break apart nucleotides

77
Q

what do lipases do

A

break apart lipids

78
Q

what do amylases do

A

break down sugar/starch

anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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