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anatomy and physiology > quiz 4 cells > Flashcards

quiz 4 cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is extracellular space

A

the space between cells

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2
Q

what does the extracellular space contain

A

extracellular fluid

extracellular matrix

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3
Q

what is the extracellular fluid

A

mostly water (saline)

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4
Q

what is the extracellular matrix

A

solid or gel like materials (lots of collagen) that holds the body together

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5
Q

are some areas of the body very dense with cells

A

yes

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6
Q

what do areas with very few cells have a lot of instead

A

matrix

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7
Q

what is a prokaryote

A

single-celled organism with lack of nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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8
Q

what is a eukaryote

A

single celled or multi celled organism, contains nucleus and organelles

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9
Q

what are the only cells in the human body that aren’t eukaryotic

A

red blood cells

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10
Q

how many specialized types of cells in the human body

A

290

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11
Q

all specialized cells are derived from what one cell

A

the zygote

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12
Q

what is the zygote

A

formed when a mother’s egg meets a father’s sperm

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13
Q

what is cell differentiation

A

a cell growing up and “deciding” what it wants to be

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14
Q

how can cell differentiation be represented

A

many branches of a tree coming from one trunk

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15
Q

the steps of cell differentiation are often

A

irreversible

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16
Q

what are stem cells

A

cells that go under self renewal

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17
Q

what is self renewal for stem cells

A

they divide into two cells, and one goes on to grow up, while the other remains a stem cell

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18
Q

what are the two types of stem cells

A

totipotent stem cells, pluripotent stem cells

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19
Q

what are totipotent stem cells

A

can “grow up” to become anything

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20
Q

what are pluripotent stem cells

A

can grow up to become several things, but not all things. there are many pluripotent stem cells in a full-grown body

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21
Q

what are progenitor cells

A

they are no longer stem cells because they do not self-renew, although some still divide. they can still become many different things when the grow up

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22
Q

what are differentiated cells

A

cells that are all “grown up”

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23
Q

what is the nucleus home to

A

the dna

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24
Q

does the dna ever leave the nucleus

A

no

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25
where are ribosomes made
the nucleus
26
what part of the nucleus are ribosomes made
the nucleoli
27
what envelope does the nucleus have
a nuclear envelope
28
what does the nuclear envelope do
it is a membrane that separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell
29
what is the plasma membrane
a "bag" around the cell
30
what is the cell membrane made of
a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads on the outside and hydrophobic tails on the inside
31
what does the hydrophobic tails on the inside do
stops water-soluble particles from entering
32
what must membrane fluidity reman
relatively constant despite changing conditions
33
what are the three things that influence membrane fluidity
1. temperature 2. cholesterol 3. unsaturated/ saturated fatty acids
34
how does low temperature influence membrane fluidity
it makes the fluidity lower and the phospholipids closer together
35
how does high temperature influence membrane fluidity
it makes fluidity increase and the phospholipids be further apart
36
what is crystalized state
the cell membrane at a very low temperature
37
how does cholesterol effect membrane fluidity at low temperatures
it can insert itself between phospholipids and increase the distance between them, and increases fluidity
38
how does cholesterol effect membrane fluidity at high temperatures
it inserts itself between phospholipids and causes the lipids to be closer together and decreases membrane fluidity
39
cholesterol is like a _____ for membrane fluidity
a buffer
40
what is the difference between the bonds of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the phospholipids
the unsaturated look different and have double bonds
41
which type of fatty acids tacks better
the saturated fatty acids
42
how do having saturated fatty acids affect membrane fluidity
it lower fluidity
43
how do having unsaturated fatty acids affect membrane fluidity
it increases fluidity
44
what are the four types of membrane proteins
transport proteins, receptor proteins, adhesion proteins, glycoproteins
45
what do transport proteins do
- they move things in or out of cells - they can usually be opened or closed - they are extremely selective
46
what do receptor proteins do
help the inside and outside of the cell communicate
47
which types of membrane proteins work together
transport and receptor proteins
48
what do adhesion proteins do
like integrins, they help cells stick in place, some grab onto collagen in extracellular space, others grab onto other integrins on other cells and "hold hands"
49
what do glycoproteins do
stick carbon chains into the extracellular space, forming a glycocalyx
50
what does the cytoplasm do
fills space inside the membrane outside of the nucleus
51
what are the three main parts of the cytoplasm
the cytosol, the organelles, inclusions
52
what is the cytosol
jelly-like fluid that fills space
53
what are the organelles
machinery of the cell that floats in cytosol
54
what re the inclusions
other pieces like fat droplets, proteins, pigments
55
what are the mitochondria
the powerhouseS of the cells
56
what happens in the mitochondria
glucose is broken down by enzymes, turned into ATP
57
do mitochondria numbers vary widely by cell type
yes
58
which cells have more mitochondria
cells that need more energy
59
what are ribosomes
the site of protein synthesis
60
what are ribosomes made of
proteins and RNA
61
where are ribosomes NOT found
in the nucleus
62
where are ribosomes found
- floating in cytosol | - attached to endoplasmic reticulum
63
what is endoplasmic reticulum
the circulatory system of the cell, a series of channels that can transport things
64
what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum
smooth ER and rough ER
65
describe the smooth ER
no ribosomes, involved in breaking down chemicals
66
where is smooth ER commonly found
the liver
67
describe the rough ER
has ribosomes, proteins are made here and can be transported around or out of the cell
68
where is rough ER common
in cells that make proteins to be sent out of cells
69
what is an example of cells that have lots of rough ER
cells in islets of Langerhans in pancreas have much rough ER, because they make insulin which is secreted there
70
what is the golgi apparatus
the "post office" of the cell whose primary purpose is to "mark" proteins with directions of where to go
71
what do proteins with similar directions do
form into "pods" and pinch off in secretory vesicles
72
what do secretory vesicles do
- some vessels exit the cell through process called exocytosis - others may go to membrane or lysosome
73
what are lysosomes
"break down bodies" that are sacs of enzymes that break almost anything down
74
what are the four types of enzymes in lysosomes
proteases, nucleases, lipases, amylases
75
what do proteases do
break down proteins
76
what do nucleases do
break apart nucleotides
77
what do lipases do
break apart lipids
78
what do amylases do
break down sugar/starch

anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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