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anatomy and physiology > quiz 5 muscles > Flashcards

quiz 5 muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three types of muscle

A

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

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2
Q

what is smooth muscle

A

lines organs/blood vessels, not voluntary, not striated

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3
Q

what is cardiac muscle

A

in heart only, not voluntary, is striated

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4
Q

what is skeletal muscle

A

attaches to bones or tendons, is striated

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5
Q

jobs of muscles

A
  1. muscles aid in posture
  2. muscles cause movement in internal organs
  3. muscles generate het for the body
  4. muscles are important for movement of the body
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6
Q

how do muscles aid posture

A

they help you stand or sit up straight

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7
Q

what does rector spinae do

A

hold head up

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8
Q

what does gastrocnemius and soleus do

A

keep le upright

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9
Q

soleus

A

calf

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10
Q

astronauts in space show significant

A

atrophy in calf, quads, back, and neck muscles

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11
Q

astronauts work in

A

zero gravity

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12
Q

what is the lost of mass of astronauts

A

20% loss of mass on 5-11 day flights

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13
Q

function of smooth muscle

A

involuntary, controls organs

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14
Q

what is peristalis

A

food pushed through GI tract

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15
Q

what does blood vessels dp

A

muscles cause vasoconstriction and vasodilation (blood pressure)

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16
Q

cremaster an dartos in testes

A

react to temperature. cremaster moves testes up (cold) r down (hot), dartos wrinkles (cold) or unwrnikles (hot) sacral skin

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17
Q

examples of smooth muscles that cause movement of internal organs

A

peristalsis, muscles in blood vessels, cremaster and darto in testes

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18
Q

why do muscles create heat when they contract .

A
  • ATP hydrolysis is an exothermic reaction

- Friction between muscle fibers

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19
Q

generally, heat is a what of muscles working

A

an unwanted byproduct

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20
Q

when isn’t heat and unwanted byproduct of muscles working

A

shivering

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21
Q

what is shivering

A

muscles rapidly contract to produce heat when cold

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22
Q

how do muscles help the movement of Body

A

muscles work at levers to move bones

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23
Q

examples of muscles working as levers to move bones

A

bicep muscle shortens, pulls radius and ulna up

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24
Q

muscles very often work in what pairs

A

agonists , antagonists

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25
Q

what do agonists do

A

carry out the primary motion

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26
Q

what do antagonists do

A

oppose this motion and can reverse it

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27
Q

what is the first pair on agonist and antagonist muscles

A

biceps and triceps

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28
Q

what does the biceps branchii do

A

biceps branchii muscle runs along the humerus. it is attached to the scapula on one end and the radius and ulna on the other

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29
Q

what does biceps branchii allow

A

flexion of the elbow

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30
Q

what does the triceps brachii do

A

it connects from the scapula to radius. It allows for the opposite movement that the biceps allow

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31
Q

what movement does the triceps branchii allow

A

extension of the elbow

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32
Q

what is the second pair of agonists and antagonists

A

the hamstrings and quads

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33
Q

what do the hamstrings refer to

A

the 3 muscles on the dorsal side of the upper leg

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34
Q

what do hamstrings allow

A

the flexion of the knee

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35
Q

what is the quadriceps femoris

A

is on the ventral side of the upper leg

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36
Q

what does the quadriceps allow

A

extension of the knee

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37
Q

what do the hamstrings and quadriceps femoris connect to

A

the pelvis, and the tibia and fibula

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38
Q

what is the third pair of agonist and antagonist

A

the gastrocnemius and soleus and the tibialis anterior

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39
Q

what does the gastrocnemius and soleus attach to

A

achilles tendon

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40
Q

what happens when the gastrocnemius and soleus contract

A

the ankle joint undergoes extension

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41
Q

what does the tibialis anterior do

A

oppose motion of gastrocnemius and soleus and when it contracts the toes are raised

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42
Q

what are the hamstrings

A
  • bicep femoris
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimenbranosus
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43
Q

Flexion

A

decreasing the angle of the joint/ bending the joint

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44
Q

Extensions

A

increasing the angle of the joint/ straightening the joint

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45
Q

Dorsiflection

A

don’t push the gas / decreasing angle of the ankle joint / flex toes

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46
Q

Plantarflexion

A

push the gas / increasing the angle of the ankle joint / point toes

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47
Q

Elevation

A

raising (shoulders) / moving body part in a superior position

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48
Q

Abduction

A

move limb away from the medial line

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49
Q

Adduction

A

move limb toward the medial line

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50
Q

Lateral rotation

A

rotating a limb away from the medial line (turn out hip)

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51
Q

lateral flexion

A

decreasing angle of spine joint , bending the spine to the side, away from the medial line of the body

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52
Q

depression

A

moving body part in an inferior direction / lowering

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53
Q

eversion

A

rotating the ankle so that the SOLE of the foot points away from the other / rotating ankle in ankle in

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54
Q

inversion

A

rotating the ankle so that the SOLE of the foot points towards the other / rotating ankle out

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55
Q

medial rotation

A

rotating a limb towards the medial line of the body (turn in hip)

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56
Q

pronation

A

rotating the forearm so that the palm faces down if flexed

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57
Q

supination

A

rotating the forearm so that the palm faces up if the forearm is flexed

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58
Q

retraction

A

posterior movement (towards the back of the body) of the arm at the shoulder (moving shoulder back)

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59
Q

protraction

A

anterior movement (towards the front of the body ) of the arm at the shoulder (moving shoulder forward)

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60
Q

pairs of types of motion

A 
flexion, extension
dorsiflexion, plantarflexion
elevation, depression
abduction, adduction
lateral rotation, medial rotation
pronation, supination
retraction, protraction
lateral flexion
inversion, eversion
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61
Q

what is atrophy

A

without regular use and exercise our muscles weaken and deteriorate

62
Q

what do skeletal muscles do

A

connect to bones in your body and fcailitate movement

63
Q

from big to small

A

muscle
fascicle
muscle fiber/myocyte - myofibril
sarcomere

64
Q

what makes up the structure of skeletal muscle

A 
tendon
epimysium 
fascicle
endomysium 
myocyte 
myofibril 
sarcomere
65
Q

what does tendon do

A

connects skeletal muscle to skeleton

66
Q

what is epimysium

A

outer layer/casing for the whole muscle

67
Q

what is fascicle

A

smaller cases in epimysium that hold muscle cells

68
Q

what is endomysium

A

inside fascicle, surrounds myocytes

69
Q

myocyte/muscle fiber

A

individual muscle cell inside fascicle

70
Q

myofibril

A

long string inside of a muscle cell, made of many sarcomeres lined up end to end

71
Q

sarcomere

A

contractile unit of a myofibril

72
Q

what does baby have more of

A

myocytes

73
Q

what do grown men have more of

A

sarcomeres and myofibrils

74
Q

what is inside a myocyte

A

myofibril and sarcomere

75
Q

does the body create more myocytes

A

no

76
Q

how do muscles grow

A

by adding more myofibrils and sarcomeres

77
Q

what two ways can tissue grow

A

hypertrophy, hyperplasia

78
Q

how do muscles never grow

A

hyperplasia

79
Q

hypertrophy

A

enlargement of tissue when cells get bigger

80
Q

hyperplasia

A

enlargement of tissue when number of cells increases

81
Q

what are tendons mostly made of

A

collagen

82
Q

describe tendons

A

very durable and can slide across rough bone projections with relatively little wear or friction

83
Q

what is a common tendon

A

achilles tendon

84
Q

what does achilles tendon do

A

connect calf muscle (gastroc) to heel bone (calcaneus)

85
Q

how can you hurt you achilles

A

ruptured achilles

86
Q

what happens when calcium is squirted on muscle

A

contraction

87
Q

which muscle fibers help to contract

A

actin and myosin

88
Q

what stops to actin from binding to myosin

A

tropomyosin

89
Q

what are two regions of the sarcomere

A

thin filament, thick filament

90
Q

thin filament

A

outside, connected to z-line, has actin

91
Q

thick filament

A

inside, connected to m-line, has myosin

92
Q

needed for skeletal movement

A

thick and thin filament
M-line and z -line
myosin and actin
ATP/ADP

93
Q

how does skeletal movement happen

A

myosin from thick filament grabs actin on thin filament and “pulls” it

94
Q

each step move what very small distance

A

8 nm

95
Q

each step of muscle movement uses

A

one ATP molecule

96
Q

what runs along actin fibers on the thin filament

A

tropomyosin and troponin

97
Q

what does tropomyosin do

A

blocks the active site where myosin binds to actin

98
Q

what happens when Ca++ is present

A

it binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin allows myosin to bind and move the actin

99
Q

myosin requires what to move actin

A

ATP

100
Q

what happens when ATP i used

A

ATP hydrolysis

101
Q

what is the result of ATP hydrolysis

A

ADP + Phosphate

102
Q

how can ADP be recycled

A

if a new phosphate is added

103
Q

Muscle cells only have enough ATP to work for about

A

4-6 seconds

104
Q

how must muscle cells replenish

A
  • creatine phosphate (1st)
  • Anaerobic Glycolysis (2nd)
  • Aerobic Respiration (3rd)
105
Q

how is creatine phosphate abbreviated

A

CP

106
Q

what does creatine hold onto

A

phosphate

107
Q

where is CP assembled

A

in the mitochondria of muscle cells

108
Q

what does CP do

A

holds phosphate groups so that they can be moved to ADP molecules

109
Q

ADP + CP =

A

ATP + C

110
Q

muscles only have enough CP for about

A

15 seconds of activity

111
Q

what does leftover creatine do

A

return to the mitochondria to gain another phosphate

112
Q

who is creatine a popular energy supplement for

A

short distance (football players)

113
Q

what must muscle cells do after CP supplies have been exhausted

A

muscle cells begin to break down glucose to make energy

114
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis

A

Not Oxygen Sugar Break Down

115
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis can be done without what

A

oxygen

116
Q

anaerobic glycolysis can be done without oxygen but makes only how many ATO

A

2 ATP per glucose molecule used

117
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis is

A

Fast, 3 times faster then cellular respiration

118
Q

what is the byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis

A

lactic acid

119
Q

what can lactic acid do

A

accumulate in muscles

120
Q

how must lactic acid be removed

A

combining with oxygen, but it is only made if there is not oxygen in the first place!!!

121
Q

when a cell has a buildup of lactic acid

A

it is said to be an oxygen debt

122
Q

why do you breathe heavily even after strenuous exercise

A

your muscles still need oxygen

123
Q

what does aerobic respiration do

A

breaks down glucose, but only in the presence of oxygen

124
Q

how many ATP do Aerobic Respiration do

A

38 ATP per glucose molecule

125
Q

Aerobic Respiration process is very what

A

slow

126
Q

how long does aerobic respiration take

A

around 2 minutes

127
Q

aerobic respiration cannot fuel what

A

intense of strenuous exercise fast enough

128
Q

aerobic respiration fuels what type of exercise

A

more regular exercises like walking and jogging

129
Q

compare and contrast anerobic and aerobic

A

anaerobic- fast, no oxygen, bad- 2 ATP for every sugar, lactic acid which burns

Aerobic- Slow and need oxygen, dosen’t burn and no toxic byproducts, more efficient- 38 ATP

130
Q

byproducts of Aerobic respiration

A

carbon dioxide and water (non-toxic)

131
Q

study graph on powerpoint 3

A

ok

132
Q

when do muscles become fatigued

A

when they cannot work as hrd because they are tired

133
Q

how can muscle fatigue happen

A
  • muscle can run out of energy

- the muscle can become too full of toxins

134
Q

what happens when the muscle becomes to full of toxins

A

stops Ca++ signals from being passed to troponin, like Cl- or K+

135
Q

Muscles are rarely fatigued to the point where

A

they stop working (happens sometimes)

136
Q

isotonic contraction

A

muscle contracts and shortens (lifting something), the muscle bulges here

137
Q

isometric contract

A

muscle contracts but does not shorten (pushing against a wall)

138
Q

isotonic contraction and isometric contraction both what

A

thought to increase muscle mass

139
Q

isometric would be like

A

trying to bench 500 pounds but not being to move anything

140
Q

examples of aerobic exercise

A

running, jogging, cycling

141
Q

aerobic exercises are involving

A

long and easy use of muscles

142
Q

repeated aerobic exercise leads to

A
  • more blood vessels running to your myocyte (more O2)
  • stronger heart muscles
  • more storage of oxygen and ATP in muscle cells
  • increased number of mitochondria in myocytes
143
Q

examples of resistance exercise

A

heavy weight lifting, isometrics

144
Q

what is important for resistance exercise

A

to contract with as much force as possible

145
Q

what happens in resistance exercise

A
  • myocytes make more contractile filaments (grow bigger and more powerful
  • myocytes do NOT increase in number (hyperplasia), but just get bigger (hypertrophy)
146
Q

two main types of muscle fibers

A

Type 1 (slow) , Type 2 (fast)

147
Q

What happens in type 1 (slow) muscle

A
  • more machinery for long-term energy production (aerobic respiration)
  • do not generate much force
148
Q

what happens in type 2 (fast )

A

-more machinery for short-term energy
(creatine phosphate, anaerobic respiration)
-generate larger amounts of force

149
Q

study ratios of fibers varies by athlete

A

study CHART

150
Q

muscle fiber, myocyte, muscle cell

A

SAME THING

anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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