quiz 5 muscles Flashcards
1
Q
what are the three types of muscle
A
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
2
Q
what is smooth muscle
A
lines organs/blood vessels, not voluntary, not striated
3
Q
what is cardiac muscle
A
in heart only, not voluntary, is striated
4
Q
what is skeletal muscle
A
attaches to bones or tendons, is striated
5
Q
jobs of muscles
A
- muscles aid in posture
- muscles cause movement in internal organs
- muscles generate het for the body
- muscles are important for movement of the body
6
Q
how do muscles aid posture
A
they help you stand or sit up straight
7
Q
what does rector spinae do
A
hold head up
8
Q
what does gastrocnemius and soleus do
A
keep le upright
9
Q
soleus
A
calf
10
Q
astronauts in space show significant
A
atrophy in calf, quads, back, and neck muscles
11
Q
astronauts work in
A
zero gravity
12
Q
what is the lost of mass of astronauts
A
20% loss of mass on 5-11 day flights
13
Q
function of smooth muscle
A
involuntary, controls organs
14
Q
what is peristalis
A
food pushed through GI tract
15
Q
what does blood vessels dp
A
muscles cause vasoconstriction and vasodilation (blood pressure)
16
Q
cremaster an dartos in testes
A
react to temperature. cremaster moves testes up (cold) r down (hot), dartos wrinkles (cold) or unwrnikles (hot) sacral skin
17
Q
examples of smooth muscles that cause movement of internal organs
A
peristalsis, muscles in blood vessels, cremaster and darto in testes
18
Q
why do muscles create heat when they contract .
A
- ATP hydrolysis is an exothermic reaction
- Friction between muscle fibers
19
Q
generally, heat is a what of muscles working
A
an unwanted byproduct
20
Q
when isn’t heat and unwanted byproduct of muscles working
A
shivering
21
Q
what is shivering
A
muscles rapidly contract to produce heat when cold
22
Q
how do muscles help the movement of Body
A
muscles work at levers to move bones
23
Q
examples of muscles working as levers to move bones
A
bicep muscle shortens, pulls radius and ulna up
24
Q
muscles very often work in what pairs
A
agonists , antagonists
25
what do agonists do
carry out the primary motion
26
what do antagonists do
oppose this motion and can reverse it
27
what is the first pair on agonist and antagonist muscles
biceps and triceps
28
what does the biceps branchii do
biceps branchii muscle runs along the humerus. it is attached to the scapula on one end and the radius and ulna on the other
29
what does biceps branchii allow
flexion of the elbow
30
what does the triceps brachii do
it connects from the scapula to radius. It allows for the opposite movement that the biceps allow
31
what movement does the triceps branchii allow
extension of the elbow
32
what is the second pair of agonists and antagonists
the hamstrings and quads
33
what do the hamstrings refer to
the 3 muscles on the dorsal side of the upper leg
34
what do hamstrings allow
the flexion of the knee
35
what is the quadriceps femoris
is on the ventral side of the upper leg
36
what does the quadriceps allow
extension of the knee
37
what do the hamstrings and quadriceps femoris connect to
the pelvis, and the tibia and fibula
38
what is the third pair of agonist and antagonist
the gastrocnemius and soleus and the tibialis anterior
39
what does the gastrocnemius and soleus attach to
achilles tendon
40
what happens when the gastrocnemius and soleus contract
the ankle joint undergoes extension
41
what does the tibialis anterior do
oppose motion of gastrocnemius and soleus and when it contracts the toes are raised
42
what are the hamstrings
- bicep femoris
- Semitendinosus
- Semimenbranosus
43
Flexion
decreasing the angle of the joint/ bending the joint
44
Extensions
increasing the angle of the joint/ straightening the joint
45
Dorsiflection
don't push the gas / decreasing angle of the ankle joint / flex toes
46
Plantarflexion
push the gas / increasing the angle of the ankle joint / point toes
47
Elevation
raising (shoulders) / moving body part in a superior position
48
Abduction
move limb away from the medial line
49
Adduction
move limb toward the medial line
50
Lateral rotation
rotating a limb away from the medial line (turn out hip)
51
lateral flexion
decreasing angle of spine joint , bending the spine to the side, away from the medial line of the body
52
depression
moving body part in an inferior direction / lowering
53
eversion
rotating the ankle so that the SOLE of the foot points away from the other / rotating ankle in ankle in
54
inversion
rotating the ankle so that the SOLE of the foot points towards the other / rotating ankle out
55
medial rotation
rotating a limb towards the medial line of the body (turn in hip)
56
pronation
rotating the forearm so that the palm faces down if flexed
57
supination
rotating the forearm so that the palm faces up if the forearm is flexed
58
retraction
posterior movement (towards the back of the body) of the arm at the shoulder (moving shoulder back)
59
protraction
anterior movement (towards the front of the body ) of the arm at the shoulder (moving shoulder forward)
60
pairs of types of motion
```
flexion, extension
dorsiflexion, plantarflexion
elevation, depression
abduction, adduction
lateral rotation, medial rotation
pronation, supination
retraction, protraction
lateral flexion
inversion, eversion
```
61
what is atrophy
without regular use and exercise our muscles weaken and deteriorate
62
what do skeletal muscles do
connect to bones in your body and fcailitate movement
63
from big to small
muscle
fascicle
muscle fiber/myocyte - myofibril
sarcomere
64
what makes up the structure of skeletal muscle
```
tendon
epimysium
fascicle
endomysium
myocyte
myofibril
sarcomere
```
65
what does tendon do
connects skeletal muscle to skeleton
66
what is epimysium
outer layer/casing for the whole muscle
67
what is fascicle
smaller cases in epimysium that hold muscle cells
68
what is endomysium
inside fascicle, surrounds myocytes
69
myocyte/muscle fiber
individual muscle cell inside fascicle
70
myofibril
long string inside of a muscle cell, made of many sarcomeres lined up end to end
71
sarcomere
contractile unit of a myofibril
72
what does baby have more of
myocytes
73
what do grown men have more of
sarcomeres and myofibrils
74
what is inside a myocyte
myofibril and sarcomere
75
does the body create more myocytes
no
76
how do muscles grow
by adding more myofibrils and sarcomeres
77
what two ways can tissue grow
hypertrophy, hyperplasia
78
how do muscles never grow
hyperplasia
79
hypertrophy
enlargement of tissue when cells get bigger
80
hyperplasia
enlargement of tissue when number of cells increases
81
what are tendons mostly made of
collagen
82
describe tendons
very durable and can slide across rough bone projections with relatively little wear or friction
83
what is a common tendon
achilles tendon
84
what does achilles tendon do
connect calf muscle (gastroc) to heel bone (calcaneus)
85
how can you hurt you achilles
ruptured achilles
86
what happens when calcium is squirted on muscle
contraction
87
which muscle fibers help to contract
actin and myosin
88
what stops to actin from binding to myosin
tropomyosin
89
what are two regions of the sarcomere
thin filament, thick filament
90
thin filament
outside, connected to z-line, has actin
91
thick filament
inside, connected to m-line, has myosin
92
needed for skeletal movement
thick and thin filament
M-line and z -line
myosin and actin
ATP/ADP
93
how does skeletal movement happen
myosin from thick filament grabs actin on thin filament and "pulls" it
94
each step move what very small distance
8 nm
95
each step of muscle movement uses
one ATP molecule
96
what runs along actin fibers on the thin filament
tropomyosin and troponin
97
what does tropomyosin do
blocks the active site where myosin binds to actin
98
what happens when Ca++ is present
it binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin allows myosin to bind and move the actin
99
myosin requires what to move actin
ATP
100
what happens when ATP i used
ATP hydrolysis
101
what is the result of ATP hydrolysis
ADP + Phosphate
102
how can ADP be recycled
if a new phosphate is added
103
Muscle cells only have enough ATP to work for about
4-6 seconds
104
how must muscle cells replenish
- creatine phosphate (1st)
- Anaerobic Glycolysis (2nd)
- Aerobic Respiration (3rd)
105
how is creatine phosphate abbreviated
CP
106
what does creatine hold onto
phosphate
107
where is CP assembled
in the mitochondria of muscle cells
108
what does CP do
holds phosphate groups so that they can be moved to ADP molecules
109
ADP + CP =
ATP + C
110
muscles only have enough CP for about
15 seconds of activity
111
what does leftover creatine do
return to the mitochondria to gain another phosphate
112
who is creatine a popular energy supplement for
short distance (football players)
113
what must muscle cells do after CP supplies have been exhausted
muscle cells begin to break down glucose to make energy
114
Anaerobic Glycolysis
Not Oxygen Sugar Break Down
115
Anaerobic Glycolysis can be done without what
oxygen
116
anaerobic glycolysis can be done without oxygen but makes only how many ATO
2 ATP per glucose molecule used
117
Anaerobic Glycolysis is
Fast, 3 times faster then cellular respiration
118
what is the byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis
lactic acid
119
what can lactic acid do
accumulate in muscles
120
how must lactic acid be removed
combining with oxygen, but it is only made if there is not oxygen in the first place!!!
121
when a cell has a buildup of lactic acid
it is said to be an oxygen debt
122
why do you breathe heavily even after strenuous exercise
your muscles still need oxygen
123
what does aerobic respiration do
breaks down glucose, but only in the presence of oxygen
124
how many ATP do Aerobic Respiration do
38 ATP per glucose molecule
125
Aerobic Respiration process is very what
slow
126
how long does aerobic respiration take
around 2 minutes
127
aerobic respiration cannot fuel what
intense of strenuous exercise fast enough
128
aerobic respiration fuels what type of exercise
more regular exercises like walking and jogging
129
compare and contrast anerobic and aerobic
anaerobic- fast, no oxygen, bad- 2 ATP for every sugar, lactic acid which burns
Aerobic- Slow and need oxygen, dosen't burn and no toxic byproducts, more efficient- 38 ATP
130
byproducts of Aerobic respiration
carbon dioxide and water (non-toxic)
131
study graph on powerpoint 3
ok
132
when do muscles become fatigued
when they cannot work as hrd because they are tired
133
how can muscle fatigue happen
- muscle can run out of energy
| - the muscle can become too full of toxins
134
what happens when the muscle becomes to full of toxins
stops Ca++ signals from being passed to troponin, like Cl- or K+
135
Muscles are rarely fatigued to the point where
they stop working (happens sometimes)
136
isotonic contraction
muscle contracts and shortens (lifting something), the muscle bulges here
137
isometric contract
muscle contracts but does not shorten (pushing against a wall)
138
isotonic contraction and isometric contraction both what
thought to increase muscle mass
139
isometric would be like
trying to bench 500 pounds but not being to move anything
140
examples of aerobic exercise
running, jogging, cycling
141
aerobic exercises are involving
long and easy use of muscles
142
repeated aerobic exercise leads to
- more blood vessels running to your myocyte (more O2)
- stronger heart muscles
- more storage of oxygen and ATP in muscle cells
- increased number of mitochondria in myocytes
143
examples of resistance exercise
heavy weight lifting, isometrics
144
what is important for resistance exercise
to contract with as much force as possible
145
what happens in resistance exercise
- myocytes make more contractile filaments (grow bigger and more powerful
- myocytes do NOT increase in number (hyperplasia), but just get bigger (hypertrophy)
146
two main types of muscle fibers
Type 1 (slow) , Type 2 (fast)
147
What happens in type 1 (slow) muscle
- more machinery for long-term energy production (aerobic respiration)
- do not generate much force
148
what happens in type 2 (fast )
-more machinery for short-term energy
(creatine phosphate, anaerobic respiration)
-generate larger amounts of force
149
study ratios of fibers varies by athlete
study CHART
150
muscle fiber, myocyte, muscle cell
SAME THING
