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anatomy and physiology > quiz 2 biology > Flashcards

quiz 2 biology Flashcards

1
Q

Body

A

series of small things grouped together to form a bigger thing

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2
Q

What is the organization of life

A

Atoms-Molecules-Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organ Systems

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3
Q

Over 99% of the atoms in the body are made up what four elements

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

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4
Q

what are other necessary atoms in small quantities

A

Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium

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5
Q

what does iron do in the body

A

is a necessary component of hemoglobin in red blood cells.

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6
Q

what does calcium do in the body

A

necessary for cell signals and muscle contraction

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7
Q

what does sodium and potassium do in the body

A

maintain the correct charge in the cell

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8
Q

what are molecules made of

A

atoms

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9
Q

what type of range of size do molecules have

A

huge

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10
Q

what is the biggest molecule in the body

A

chromosome 1 with over 1 billion atoms

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11
Q

4 main types of biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins

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12
Q

almost all cells in the body are..

A

eukaryotic

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13
Q

define eukaryotic

A

organelles and a nucleus

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14
Q

can cells be very specialized

A

yes

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15
Q

what does it mean if cyte is at the end of a word

A

it’s a cell

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16
Q

what are tissues

A

group of cells with similar structure and function

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17
Q

what are the four main types of tissue in the body

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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18
Q

what does epithelial tissue do

A

serve as a covering for all face and body surfaces

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19
Q

what does connective tissue do

A

provides support for the body

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20
Q

what does muscle tissue do

A

allows body to move (contract)

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21
Q

what does nervous tissue do

A

controls the body through nerve impulses

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22
Q

what are organs made of

A

all of the tissue types inside

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23
Q

what is an organ system

A

organs working with each other to complete a full task

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24
Q

what is a carbohydrate

A

any molecule made of simple sugars

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25
Q

whats another way to say simple sugars

A

saccarides

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26
Q

what are almost all saccharides in the human body

A

glucose

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27
Q

what is a saccharide

A

a ring of carbon atoms that have hydrogen and oxygen attached

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28
Q

what is the ratio of oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen in a saccharide

A

1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen

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29
Q

what are the two types of carbohydrates

A

simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates

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30
Q

define simple carbohydrates

A

made of one (mono) or two (di) rings (saccharides)

31
Q

what’s another way to say simple carbohydrates

A

sugars

32
Q

define complex carbohydrates

A

made of three or more (poly) rings

33
Q

what are complex carbohydrates also called

A

starches

34
Q

carbs with 3 to five rings can also be called…

A

oligosaccharides

35
Q

what does it means if something ends in ose

A

its a carbohydrate

36
Q

what are carbohydrates usually used for

A

energy by breaking apart the chemical bonds in simple sugars, the body obtains energy to fuel almost all its functions

37
Q

large amounts of carbohydrates consumed at once are stored where

A

the liver

38
Q

glucose molecules are strung together in what type of chain in the liver

A

glycogen

39
Q

plants, fungi, some bugs and shellfish also use carbohydrates for what

A

rigid structure compounds like cellulose and chitin

40
Q

lipids are what compared to carbs

A

more varied in chemical structure , have more carbon and less oxygen

41
Q

what does each angle represent in a drawing in organic chemistry

A

a carbon atom

42
Q

what are two important examples of simple lipids in the body

A

cholesterol and steroids

43
Q

what does the structure of steroid molecules revolve around

A

cholesterol

44
Q

more complex molecules revolve around what molecule

A

glycerol

45
Q

what attaches to the three OH groups on glycerol

A

chains of carbon known as fatty acids

46
Q

what is the name of the bond between the fatty acids and glycerol

A

ester bond

47
Q

what is the result of one glycerol and three fatty acids

A

a triglyceride

48
Q

what does cholesterol do

A

converted into steroids for the body to send chemical messages via the endocrine system

used to make cell membranes

49
Q

what do triglycerides do

A

can be converted into phospholipids and used in cell membranes

stored in adipose tissue for energy use later on

50
Q

what are the two primary types of nucleic acid molecules

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid

51
Q

what is dna

A

genetic material

52
Q

how is dna stored

A

in almost every cell in tight clusters called chromosomes

53
Q

how many chromosomes in a cell

A

46
(23 from mom)
(23 from dad)

54
Q

should chromosomes be identical from one cell to another

A

yes ( unless mutation)

55
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA

A

adenine-thymine

guanine-cytosine

56
Q

what does the order of the bases in DNA determine

A

which protein will be formed

57
Q

what is the structure of DNA

A

double helix

58
Q

what is a karyotype

A

all 46 chromosomes from a cell laid out on a map

59
Q

what does DNA hold instructions for

A

making proteins

60
Q

what percentage of a chromosome actually holds the instructions for making proteins

A

1%

61
Q

what are genes

A

parts of the chromosome with instructions for making proteins

62
Q

how many genes in the human genome

A

20,000

63
Q

how many copies of each gene in the human genome

A

two

64
Q

how many base pairs in the genome

A

3 billion

65
Q

can DNA be broken down for energy

A

yes

66
Q

what are proteins

A

long strains of amino acids

67
Q

do proteins fold

A

yes

68
Q

how many amino acids in humans

A

20

69
Q

what are the three main parts of an amino acid

A

the N side, the C side, the R side chain

70
Q

which part of the amino acid makes each one unique

A

the R chain

71
Q

the C side of an amino acid will always combine with what side of the next amino acid

A

the N side

72
Q

what is the name of the chemical bonds holding amino acids together

A

peptide bonds

73
Q

another name for proteins

A

polypeptides

anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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