quiz 2 biology Flashcards
Body
series of small things grouped together to form a bigger thing
What is the organization of life
Atoms-Molecules-Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organ Systems
Over 99% of the atoms in the body are made up what four elements
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
what are other necessary atoms in small quantities
Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium
what does iron do in the body
is a necessary component of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
what does calcium do in the body
necessary for cell signals and muscle contraction
what does sodium and potassium do in the body
maintain the correct charge in the cell
what are molecules made of
atoms
what type of range of size do molecules have
huge
what is the biggest molecule in the body
chromosome 1 with over 1 billion atoms
4 main types of biomolecules
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins
almost all cells in the body are..
eukaryotic
define eukaryotic
organelles and a nucleus
can cells be very specialized
yes
what does it mean if cyte is at the end of a word
it’s a cell
what are tissues
group of cells with similar structure and function
what are the four main types of tissue in the body
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
what does epithelial tissue do
serve as a covering for all face and body surfaces
what does connective tissue do
provides support for the body
what does muscle tissue do
allows body to move (contract)
what does nervous tissue do
controls the body through nerve impulses
what are organs made of
all of the tissue types inside
what is an organ system
organs working with each other to complete a full task
what is a carbohydrate
any molecule made of simple sugars
whats another way to say simple sugars
saccarides
what are almost all saccharides in the human body
glucose
what is a saccharide
a ring of carbon atoms that have hydrogen and oxygen attached
what is the ratio of oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen in a saccharide
1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen
what are the two types of carbohydrates
simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates
define simple carbohydrates
made of one (mono) or two (di) rings (saccharides)
what’s another way to say simple carbohydrates
sugars
define complex carbohydrates
made of three or more (poly) rings
what are complex carbohydrates also called
starches
carbs with 3 to five rings can also be called…
oligosaccharides
what does it means if something ends in ose
its a carbohydrate
what are carbohydrates usually used for
energy by breaking apart the chemical bonds in simple sugars, the body obtains energy to fuel almost all its functions
large amounts of carbohydrates consumed at once are stored where
the liver
glucose molecules are strung together in what type of chain in the liver
glycogen
plants, fungi, some bugs and shellfish also use carbohydrates for what
rigid structure compounds like cellulose and chitin
lipids are what compared to carbs
more varied in chemical structure , have more carbon and less oxygen
what does each angle represent in a drawing in organic chemistry
a carbon atom
what are two important examples of simple lipids in the body
cholesterol and steroids
what does the structure of steroid molecules revolve around
cholesterol
more complex molecules revolve around what molecule
glycerol
what attaches to the three OH groups on glycerol
chains of carbon known as fatty acids
what is the name of the bond between the fatty acids and glycerol
ester bond
what is the result of one glycerol and three fatty acids
a triglyceride
what does cholesterol do
converted into steroids for the body to send chemical messages via the endocrine system
used to make cell membranes
what do triglycerides do
can be converted into phospholipids and used in cell membranes
stored in adipose tissue for energy use later on
what are the two primary types of nucleic acid molecules
deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid
what is dna
genetic material
how is dna stored
in almost every cell in tight clusters called chromosomes
how many chromosomes in a cell
46
(23 from mom)
(23 from dad)
should chromosomes be identical from one cell to another
yes ( unless mutation)
What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA
adenine-thymine
guanine-cytosine
what does the order of the bases in DNA determine
which protein will be formed
what is the structure of DNA
double helix
what is a karyotype
all 46 chromosomes from a cell laid out on a map
what does DNA hold instructions for
making proteins
what percentage of a chromosome actually holds the instructions for making proteins
1%
what are genes
parts of the chromosome with instructions for making proteins
how many genes in the human genome
20,000
how many copies of each gene in the human genome
two
how many base pairs in the genome
3 billion
can DNA be broken down for energy
yes
what are proteins
long strains of amino acids
do proteins fold
yes
how many amino acids in humans
20
what are the three main parts of an amino acid
the N side, the C side, the R side chain
which part of the amino acid makes each one unique
the R chain
the C side of an amino acid will always combine with what side of the next amino acid
the N side
what is the name of the chemical bonds holding amino acids together
peptide bonds
another name for proteins
polypeptides
