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anatomy and physiology > quiz 2 sex hormones > Flashcards

quiz 2 sex hormones Flashcards

1
Q

androgens

A

hormones usually associated with men and maleness

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2
Q

where are androgens also found

A

in women, but 8x less common

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3
Q

where are androgens synthesized

A

in the adrenal glands in both sexes, ovaries of females and testes of males

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4
Q

most common and most important androgen

A

testosterone

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5
Q

all androgens are born out of what molecule

A

cholesterol

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6
Q

all androgens are

A

steroids

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7
Q

all androgens

A

need something to guide them through blood since not water soluble

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8
Q

what does testosterone bind t in blood

A

sex hormone binding globulin so it can travel through blood

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9
Q

when to androgens need to be released

A

at the onset of puberty

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10
Q

what happens so androgens can be released

A

the hypothalamus begins to create and secrete the protein GnRH

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11
Q

GnRH

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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12
Q

GnRH does what

A

leaves the hypothalamus and travels to the pituitary gland

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13
Q

what does GnRH do at the pituitary gland

A

where it causes the secretion of a second protein hormone called LH

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14
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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15
Q

LH does what

A

leaves the pituitary gland and finds luteinizing hormone receptors

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16
Q

where are luteinizing hormone receptors located

A

in Leydig cells in the testes

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17
Q

Leydig cells begin what

A

the synthesis of testosterone

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18
Q

what is the HPG axis

A

the hypothalamus, pituitary, gonad

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19
Q

the HPG axis is the pathway the body uses….

A

to control sex hormone production

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20
Q

testosterone will enter cells and find…

A

androgen receptors

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21
Q

androgen receptors interact

A

with DNA to upregulate or downregulate at least 84 different genes (leads to many effects)

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22
Q

wat does testosterone do in vitro

A
  • high enough levels lead to formation of the penis and gonads
  • leads to masculinization or feminization of the brain even more than levels once the fetus reaches adulthood
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23
Q

wat does testosterone do in puberty

A
  • leads to an increase in muscle mass
  • leads to an increase in bone mineral density
  • leads to formation of body hair, acne
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24
Q

wat does testosterone do in adults

A
  • leads to the formation of sperm in males
  • leads to increased sex drive (both sexes)
  • romance, fatherhood leads to decreased testosterone levels
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25
Q

anabolic steroids

A

injecting or ingesting chemicals that are testosterone or are very chemically similar. banned in most sports

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26
Q

farquharson phenomenon

A

body adjusts to new levels of androgens and stops producing its own. once doping stops, body produces far too little testosterone

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27
Q

castrati

A

male singers who were castrated before onset of puberty

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28
Q

what happens to castrati

A

voices never dropped, so they could sing very high ranges.

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29
Q

what else happens to castrati

A

their epiphyseal plates never hardened, so their bones (ribs) grew longer

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30
Q

low T

A

testosterone levels begin to drop slowly after the age of 30, in some more than others

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31
Q

what is normal range of testosterone

A

300-1000 ng/dl

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32
Q

extreme case of low t are called

A

andropause or male menopause

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33
Q

what happen be given to treat low T

A

testosterone supplements through the skin or in a transplant

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34
Q

is a estrogen a hormone

A

no its a class of hormones (like androgen)

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35
Q

what are the three most important estrogens

A

estradiol, estrone, estriol

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36
Q

estradiol

A

most common estrogen during reproductive years (menarche to menopause)

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37
Q

estrone

A

most common estrogen after menopause

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38
Q

estriol

A

most common estrogen during pregnancy

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39
Q

estrogens are primarily

A

found in women, but are also in men at lower rates

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40
Q

potency of estradiol

A

100%

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41
Q

potency of estrone

A

33%

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42
Q

potency of estriol

A

1.6%

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43
Q

estradiol levels…

A

vary widely through the menstrual cycle

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44
Q

estrogens all

A

come from cholesterol

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45
Q

estrogens can all

A

enter cells but are not water soluble

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46
Q

what does estrogen also bind to in blood

A

sex hormone binding globulin (same as androgens)

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47
Q

testosterone can be broken

A

down into estrogens

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48
Q

estrogens follow a similar

A

release pattern to androgens

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49
Q

what is the release pattern of estrogens ( first step )

A

GnRH is made, which causes LH to be made

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50
Q

in females where does LH bind to

A

receptors on granulosa cells in the ovaries which causes estrogens (estradiol) to be synthesized and secreted

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51
Q

the estrogen pathway happens in

A

HPG AXIS

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52
Q

estrogens bind to a variety of

A

estrogen receptors

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53
Q

what can estrogen binding to estrogen receptors do

A
  • formation of breast
  • slowed height increase in puberty
  • slowed bone resorption less osteoclast activity: RANK pathway)
  • regulation of the mentrual cycle (along w/ other hormones)
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54
Q

what is estrogen necessary for in men

A

the production of sperm

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55
Q

what are contraceptives

A

pills with synthetic estrogens that mimic estradiol and cause irregular estrogen levels

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56
Q

breast cancer..what does estrogen do

A

most cases are E-R positive, meaning that the presence of estrogen causes the cancer to grow faster

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57
Q

gynecomastia (what does estrogen do)

A

the formation of mall breasts in men.

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58
Q

when does gynecomastia happen

A

common (70%) in puberty and in later life

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59
Q

other non-estrogen hormones that are crucial to women’s reproduction

A

LH, FSH, progesterone

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60
Q

what does LH do in women

A

stimulates granulosa cells to produce estrogens, required for ovulation to occur

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61
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

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62
Q

FSH function

A

another protein hormone that is also essential for ovulation

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63
Q

what is progesterone

A

a steroid released late in the mesntrual cycle

64
Q

what does progesterone do

A

causes mucus levels to thicken in the uterus and allow for a potential zygote to stick

65
Q

what does progesterone inhibit

A

the production of GnRH, meaning that LH and estradiol levels will decrease

66
Q

progesterone is

A

a precursor to the estrogens (and androgens)

67
Q

the journey from cholesterol to sex hormones

A

cholesterol, progestagens, androgens, estrogens

68
Q

the female reproductive hormones work to regulate each other

A

in negative or positive feedback loops

69
Q

levels of estradiol, FSH, progesterone

A

…vary across the menstrual cycle

70
Q

how to contraceptives work

A 
trick the body into thinking progesterone levels
 are high (and sometimes alter levels of estrogens to)
71
Q

what would the presumed high levels of progesterone do w/ contraceptives

A

stop GnRH from being produced, which stops both LH and estradiol from being made

72
Q

endocrine is the opposite of the

A

nervous system

73
Q

endocrine and nervous system both

A

transmit signals around the body

74
Q

the nervous system is built on

A

speed

75
Q

the endocrine system is ____ and always uses

A

slower, hormones

76
Q

there are about _____ distinct hormones in the human body

A

50

77
Q

what are the three classes of hormones

A

amino acid derivatives
proteins
steroids

78
Q

depending on the type the _____ of a hormone can be different

A

mechanism

79
Q

what is a mechanism

A

how a chemical causes its desired effect

80
Q

steroids are al synthesized from the molecule ____

A

cholesterol

81
Q

steroids all look like

A

cholesterol

82
Q

what do steroids usually end in

A

ol or one

83
Q

what are hormones that are proteins

A

long chains of amino acids

84
Q

hormones that are proteins are significantly

A

larger than other hormones and water-soluble

85
Q

amino acid derivatives are synthesized from

A

various amino acids

86
Q

what do amino acid derivatives look like

A

they are small and look like amino acids

87
Q

what would amino acids (amino acid derivatives) look like

A

short chains of carbon

88
Q

examples of amino acid derivatives

A

tyrosine, epinephrine

89
Q

example of a protein that is a hormone

A

insulin

90
Q

where are hormones created

A

in glands located around the body

91
Q

where are hormones secreted

A

into the bloodstream, where they travel to their intended target target

92
Q

steroids are not what? why ?

A

water-soluble, because they are made from cholesterol which is a lipids

93
Q

what do steroids require to travel through blood

A

a transport protein

94
Q

if amino acid derivatives are non polar they

A

need transport proteins

95
Q

steroid hormones and most non polar amino acid derivatives are capable of what

A

passing through a cell’s membrane

96
Q

once inside, steroid hormones and non polar amino acid derivatives do WHAT?

A

bind to receptors and form a hormone-receptor complex

97
Q

what does the hormone receptor complex do

A

enters the nucleus and causes upregulation or downregulation of proteins

98
Q

nonsteroid hormones and polar amino acid derivatives CANNOT..

A

pass through a cell’s membrane

99
Q

to _____ nonsteroid hormones must

A

send signals to the cell, bind to a receptor on the cell’s membrane

100
Q

a membrane receptor activated by a nonsteroid hormone

A

causes other molecules in the cell to invoke some kind of change

101
Q

what are the most important hormones the thyroid produces

A

T4 and T3

102
Q

T4

A

thyroxine

103
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine

104
Q

T3 and T4 are jointly involved in

A

regulating cellular energy processes around the body

105
Q

differences between T3 and T4

A

T4 has one more iodine

106
Q

the thyroid is what percentage T4

A

80%

107
Q

the thyroid is what percentage T3

A

20%

108
Q

inside cells T4 is

A

converted to T3 (only one active in cells)

109
Q

when are T3 and T4 made

A

when the pituitary gland secretes TSH

110
Q

why do we even have T4

A

more stable in bloodstream

111
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

112
Q

T4 and T3 are

A

derivatives of amino acid tyrosine, but have been combined with iodine

113
Q

once secreted, what do T4 and T3 do

A

bind to the transport protein TBG and travel through blood

114
Q

TBG

A

thyroxine-binding globulin

115
Q

know thyroid gland

A

ok

116
Q

goiter

A

an enlarged thyroid gland (developing countries)

117
Q

what happens right after T3 and T4 enter the cell

A

T4 is converted to T3, T3 passes through the nuclear membrane and binds to TR

118
Q

TR

A

thyroid hormone receptor

119
Q

what happens without T3

A

the thyroid receptor binds to DNA and blocks certain genes from being expressed

120
Q

the newly expressed genes because of T3 binding to Tr and moving it off DNA do…

A

increase the rate of cellular metabolism in cells all across the body

121
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

when the thyroid makes too many hormones

122
Q

hypothyroidism

A

is when the thyroid does not make enough hormones

123
Q

PTH is made by

A

chief cells in the parathryoid glands

124
Q

PTH is made in response to

A

low blood calcium leels (hypocalcemia)

125
Q

PTH is a

A

protein

126
Q

what does T3 do

A

bins and causes TR to move ff DNA, allowing those genes to be expressed

127
Q

PTH binds to

A

parathyroid hormone receptors on the outer membranes of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

128
Q

PTH causes

A

osteoblasts to slow down
osteoclasts to speed up

…. releasing more calcium from bone and into the blood

129
Q

PTH is made of how many amino acids

A

84 (kinda small)

130
Q

PTH also binds to….

A

receptors on the kindeys

131
Q

PTH causes what on the kidneys

A

upregulation of an enzyme from a gene on DNA which converts calcidiol into Vitamin D

132
Q

when is Vitamin D synthesized

A

when PTH sends a signal to the kidneys

133
Q

vitamin D is also a what

A

hormone

134
Q

what do people say is only partly true

A

that sunlight gives you Vitamin D

135
Q

vitamin D is what kind of hormone

A

a steroid hormone since it is synthesized from cholesterol

136
Q

what does sunlight directly cause

A

cholesterol to be converted into cholecalciferol in the skin

137
Q

cholecalciferol…..

A

converted into calcidiol in the liver

138
Q

calcidiol…

A

converted into vitamin D in the kidney

139
Q

Vitamin D…..

A

attaches to vitamin d binding protein in the blood because it is not water soluble

140
Q

once Vitamin D is in the blood

A

it travels until it finds and binds to a Vitamin D receptor

141
Q

where are vitamin D receptors located

A

in the nucleus of small intestine cells

142
Q

vitamin D and vitamin D receptor form

A

a hormone-receptor complex

143
Q

what does the hormone-receptor complex of vitamin D and vitamin d receptor do

A

binds to DNA and causes increased expressions of protein calbindin

144
Q

calbindin

A

a channel in the membrane of small intestine that allows calcium to enter and be digested

145
Q

with more vitamin D

A

calcium levels increase

146
Q

rickets

A

disease when there is a lack of vitamin D, phosphorus and calcium that results in soft, weak bones

147
Q

myxedema

A

caused by the under-activity of thyroid gland during adulthood, causes weight gain

148
Q

cretinism

A

under-secretion of T3 and T4 during infancy and fetal life

149
Q

grave’s disease

A

hyposecretion of thyroid hormones, leads to weight loss

150
Q

ghrelin

A

a protein hormone

151
Q

what is ghrelin made by

A

cells in stomach and hypothalamus

152
Q

what does ghrelin do

A

stimulate hunger and GH release

153
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

154
Q

what did they do for the ghrelin study

A

had 6 people fast, took their blood every 20 minutes

155
Q

ghrelin study concluded

A

when your brain says its meal time ghrelin is released, (spikes in graph at meal time)

156
Q

circadian tosis

A

you train yourself to eat at certain times of the day

157
Q

BMI ghrelin

A

spikes at similar times but people with higher BMI had more ghrelin

anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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