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anatomy and physiology > test 2 cardiovascular system > Flashcards

test 2 cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

know the structures to identify

A

ok

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2
Q

the heart is divided into which two parts

A

left and right

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3
Q

each side of the heart can be further divided into

A

atrium and ventricle

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4
Q

atrium

A

top

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5
Q

ventricle

A

bottom

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6
Q

what do the atria do

A

collect blood

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7
Q

what do the ventricles do

A

push blood out

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8
Q

we should never see blood

A

moving from right side to left side of heart

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9
Q

the first sound of the heart beating

A

the atria contracting (LUB)

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10
Q

the second sound of heart beating

A

louder, is the stronger ventricles contracting (sub)

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11
Q

chambers should have

A

one-way flow

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12
Q

what allows chambers to have a one-way flow

A

4 valves

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13
Q

each chamber has a _______ to prevent

A

valve at the end to prevent backflow

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14
Q

what are the 2 atrioventricular valves

A

bicuspid/mitral on left and tricuspid on right

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15
Q

what do atrioventricular valves do

A

separate atrium and ventricle

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16
Q

which valves separate the left atrium and ventricle

A

bicuspid valve

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17
Q

another named for biscuspid valve

A

mitral valve

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18
Q

which valve spearates the right atrium and ventricle

A

the tricuspid valve

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19
Q

what are the two semilunar valves

A

pulmonary and aortic

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20
Q

what do semilunar valves do

A

they separate ventricle from artery

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21
Q

what are the semilunar valves

A

pulmonary and aortic

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22
Q

atrioventricular valves have what structure

A

unique

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23
Q

what are atrioventricular valves held in place by

A

chordae tendineae

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24
Q

chordae tendineae

A

strong strings of mostly collagen that prevent valve prolapse

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25
Q

what are the chordae tendineae supported by

A

papillary muscles

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26
Q

what are three sets of chordae in the right ventricle and two on the left… why

A

the tricuspid valve on the right has three flabs, whie the biscuspid valve on the left side has two flabs

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27
Q

which side of the heart is the strong side

A

left side

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28
Q

the blood in the left side of the heart is

A

oxygenated

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29
Q

oxygenated blood first enters…

A

the left atrium from the lungs

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30
Q

how does blood exit the left atrium

A

through the heart’s first contraction (lub)

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31
Q

what does blood do when it exits the left atrium

A

it passes through the ventricle

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32
Q

how does blood pass through the ventricle

A

through the heart’s second contraction (dub)

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33
Q

what happens after blood exits the left ventricle

A

it passes the aorta valve and enters the aorta

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34
Q

what happens after blood enters the aorta….

A

to be ultimately delivered to cells across the body

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35
Q

which side is the weaker side

A

the right side

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36
Q

the blood on the right side of the heart is

A

deoxygenated

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37
Q

once blood delivers oxygen to body cells….

A

it reenters the heart’s right atrium through the venae cavae

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38
Q

what happens after blood reenters the heart’s right atrium

A

blood exits the right atrium when it contracts (SAME lub)

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39
Q

what happens when blood exits the right atrium

A

it passes through the tricuspid valve to prevent backflow

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40
Q

what happens AFTER blood exits the right atrium

A

it exits the ventricle through the heart’s second contraction (dub)

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41
Q

what happens after blood exits the right ventricle

A

its passes through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk

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42
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

a very short vessel that branches into left and right pulmonary arteries

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43
Q

once blood travels to the lungs it

A

loads up on oxygen

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44
Q

what happens after blood loads up on oxygen at the lungs

A

the newly oxygenated blood will return to the pulmonary vein and enter back into the left side of the heart

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45
Q

two septa

A

separate the heart into its halves

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46
Q

the interatrial septum

A

separates the atria into left and right

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47
Q

the interventricular septum

A

separates the ventricles

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48
Q

VSD

A

ventricular septal defect

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49
Q

what is VSD

A

most common heart defect in infants, affects about 1/500 , small hole in heart?

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50
Q

the 3.5 main layers of the heart

A

the pericardium
the epicaridum
the myocardium
the endocardium

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51
Q

pericardium

A

sac around outside o the heart

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52
Q

epicardium

A

outer layer of heart tissue, connective + fat tissue

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53
Q

myocardium

A

middle, muscular layer

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54
Q

myo

A

muscle

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55
Q

endocardium

A

inner layer, endothelial cells, smooth surface

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56
Q

the pericardium is..

A

not officially a part of the heart (why it counts as .5)

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57
Q

the heart is a

A

muscle that needs oxygen

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58
Q

coronary arteries

A

branch off the aorta and deliver blood to the heart

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59
Q

infarction

A

blockage of blood

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60
Q

what happens in infarction

A

blockage of blood to one the coronary arteries means the heart isn’t getting enough blood

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61
Q

acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

A

sudden, heart muscle, blockage of blood flow

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62
Q

what happens in acute myocardial infarction

A

heart attack,

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63
Q

the movie hat scene was in

A

remebr the titan

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64
Q

hemophilia

A

one of several different mutations that affects proteins involved in the coagulation cascade, blood can’t clot properly=blood loss

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65
Q

what does a disruption in the coagulation cascade cause

A

prevents thrombin from forming

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66
Q

what happens when thrombin is prevented from forming

A

stopping fibrinogen from being cleaved into fibrin, makes it much harder for blood to clot

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67
Q

how could you treat hemophilia

A

plasma transfusions to replace damaged plasma proteins

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68
Q

many hemophiliacs in the 1980s….

A

50% or more of them got HIV//AIDS from tainted plasma

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69
Q

another word for clot

A

thrombus

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70
Q

thrombus

A

an aggregation f blood parts that forms a solid mass

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71
Q

thrombi can be…

A

red, white, mixed

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72
Q

red thrombi

A

mosltly RBCs

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73
Q

white thrombi

A

mostly platelets

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74
Q

mixed thrombi

A

RBCs and platelets

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75
Q

embolus

A

embolus is a thrombus that breaks away into the bloodstream

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76
Q

when do thrombi usually happen

A
  • the heart does not properly pump and blood pools in one chamber (red thrombus)
  • the heart valves flap too hard and damage the endothelium, exposing vWF (white thrombus
  • plaque builds up on and damages endothelium in a vessel (white thrombus)
  • blood pools up in a vessel, typically a vein, from faulty nerves
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77
Q

vegetation

A

a thrombus forming on the heart

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78
Q

thrombogenic

A

at risk arteries

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79
Q

arterial embolism

A

thrombus formed in the “red” side of the cardiovascular system, then dislodged

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80
Q

arterial embolism leads to

A

infartion

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81
Q

“red” side of cardiovascular system

A

heart, artery, arterioles

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82
Q

where are arterial embolisms most dangerous

A

if they end up in the brain, heart

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83
Q

what would arterial embolism do the the brain

A

stroke

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84
Q

what would arterial embolism do in the heart

A

AMI

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85
Q

arterial embolism are usually

A

white thrombi

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86
Q

venous embolism

A

thrombus formed in a vein (most likely DVT)

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87
Q

what does venous embolism do

A

blocks the pulmonary artery and causes a pulmonary embolism

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88
Q

venous embolism are usually

A

red

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89
Q

paradoxical embolism

A

clot switches side

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90
Q

where does paradoxical embolism almost always happen

A

VSD

91
Q

preventing embolism

A

thrombolysis

92
Q

what is thrombolysis

A

break up thrombus

93
Q

how can you do thrombolysis

A

through anticoagulant medicines

94
Q

examples of anticoagulant medicines

A

aspirin, heparin, warfarin

95
Q

what are the steps to blood vessel fixing itself

A
  1. Vascular Spasm
  2. Platelet Plug forms
  3. Coagulation Cascade
96
Q

what will endothelial cells secrete

A

serotonin, TF, vWF

97
Q

what does vWF do

A

Von Willebrand factor, helps platelets stick together

98
Q

what does serotonin do to repair blood vessels

A

causes smooth muscle to vasoconstrict

99
Q

what happens in a vascular spasm

A

vessel pinches in arteries, arterioles, veins or venules, to limit blood loss

100
Q

where do vascular spasms work best

A

arterioles because they are small with lots of tunica media

101
Q

where do vascular spasms NOT happen

A

capillaries

102
Q

what happens in the coagulation cascade

A

a cascade of events causes TF to increase amounts of thrombin

103
Q

TF

A

tissue factor

104
Q

what does thrombin do

A

activates fibrinogen into fibrin

105
Q

what does fibrin do

A

stick to other fibrins and form fibrin polymers, which helps to fill gaps and form a tight seal

106
Q

purpose of the cardiovascular system

A

transport, protection, regulation

107
Q

how does cardiovascular system transport

A

deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones to cells across the body and removes waste

108
Q

what waste does the cardiovascular system remove

A

CO2 etc

109
Q

how does the cardiovascular system protect

A

white blood cells and antibodies help fight infections, platelet clot wounds

110
Q

how does the cardiovascular system do regulation

A

temperature, pH, and water level

111
Q

what are the three elements of the cardiovascular system

A

the heart (pump), the blood vessels (container), the blood (stuff)

112
Q

when blood is run through a centrifuge, it sorts into what layers

A

plasma, buffy coat, hematocrit

113
Q

in the average human, there are roughly _______ of blood in the body

A

5 litres

114
Q

plasma makes up how much of the blood

A

55%

115
Q

how much of the plasma is water

A

92%

116
Q

how much of the plasma consists of various proteins

A

7%

117
Q

what does albumin do

A

maintains osmotic pressure

118
Q

albumin in more detail

A

kind of like salt, causes water to enter vessel and not all be outside the vessel, too much albumin would make the blood vessel have too much water

119
Q

hypoalbunemia

A

low level of albumin lead to edema (swelling)

120
Q

globulins

A

transport hormones

121
Q

fibrinogens (general defintion)

A

aid in clotting

122
Q

which plasma proteins are made in the liver

A

albumin, globulin, fibrinogens

123
Q

what percentage if the plasma is ‘other stuff’

A

1%

124
Q

what ‘other stuff’ make up the plasma

A

salts, nutrients like glucose, dissolved gases

125
Q

what does the buffy coat contain

A

white blood cells

126
Q

the buffy coat makes up how much of the blood volume

A

1%

127
Q

another name for white blood cells

A

leukocytes

128
Q

what are leukocytes involved in

A

immune response to infection

129
Q

leukocytes are the only _____ cells in the blood

A

nucleate, bloodstream

130
Q

how many types of leukocytes found in the blood

A

5

131
Q

what can leukocytes slip through

A

blood vessels that aren’t in capillaries, in a process called diapedisis

132
Q

how many white white blood cells are there

A

4500-11000 white blood cells per mm3

133
Q

leukocytosis

A

too many white blood cells

134
Q

what can leukocytosis cause

A

signals infection or some cancers

135
Q

leukopenia

A

not enough white blood cells

136
Q

what can leukopenia cause

A

signals chemotherapy, radiation or some viral infection like HIV

137
Q

the buffy coat also contains _____ whose primary function is _____

A

platelets, aid in clotting

138
Q

where do platelets come from

A

a cell type called megakaryocyte

139
Q

what are megakaryocytes made by

A

made by bone marrow

140
Q

what do megakaryotes do

A

grow very large and then rupture, releasing over 1000 platelets

141
Q

are platelets cells

A

no

142
Q

platelets love to

A

stick to collagen

143
Q

what happens when platelets stick to collagen

A

clotting occurs

144
Q

what is the hematocrit

A

the percentage of blood that is red blood cells

145
Q

what should the hematocrit be in males

A

45%

146
Q

what should the hematocrit be infemales

A

40%

147
Q

another name for red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

148
Q

where are red blood cells made

A

in the bone marrow

149
Q

what do red blood cells look like

A

anucleate and have no organelles

150
Q

what do erythrocytres do

A

carry massive amounts of protein hemoglobin

151
Q

how many hemoglobins per red blood cell

A

250 million

152
Q

each hemoglobin holds how many 02 molecules

A

4 02 molecules

153
Q

the shape of red blood cells give them

A

a high surface area: volume ratio

154
Q

anemia

A

any disorder where blood transports oxygen less efficiently

155
Q

how many types of anemia are there

A

over 400

156
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

hemoglobin requires iron in its chemical structure

157
Q

sickle-cell anemia

A

hemoglobin protein has a single mutation

158
Q

thalassemia

A

imbalance in production of a and b subunits

159
Q

aplastic

A

toxins or other stuff stop marrow from producing RBCS

160
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

any disorder that cause a decrease in the number of platelets

161
Q

wiskott-aldrich syndrome

A

x-linked clotting disorder that causes a decrease in the number of platelets… can cause thrombocytopenia

162
Q

the examples of anemia

A

iron deficiency
sickle-cell anemia
thalassemia
aplastic

163
Q

dengue fever

A

rare cases lead to low platelet count can cause throbocytopenia

164
Q

types of thrombocytopenia

A
  • wiskott-aldridge syndrome

- dengue fever

165
Q

how do blood vessels run around the body

A

run in a circle starting at the heart

166
Q

blood….

A

leaves the heart through large arteries

167
Q

arteries…

A

branch into arterioles

168
Q

arterioles…

A

split into capillaries

169
Q

capillaries…

A

reassemble into venules

170
Q

venules…

A

merge to form veins

171
Q

three layers of the lining of an artery from inside to outside

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

172
Q

lumen

A

the hollow part of a blood vessel

173
Q

tunica intima

A

has endothelial cells that directly contact blood and reduce friction it passes

174
Q

tunica media

A

has smooth muscle and elastic tissue, allowing for vasodilation or vasoconstrinction

175
Q

tunica adventitia

A

is made up of mostly collagen and usually anchors arteries to surrounding tissue

176
Q

arteries run _______ from the heart

A

away

177
Q

which arteries stem directly from the heart

A

pulmonary artery, aorta

178
Q

what does the pulmonary artery do

A

run towards the lungs and splits into left and right

179
Q

what does the aorta do

A

branches into smaller and smaller arteries that run around the body

180
Q

which artery comes from the left ventricle

A

aorta

181
Q

which artery comes from the right ventricle

A

the pulmonary artery

182
Q

the aorta can be split into what parts

A

the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, the descending aorta

183
Q

ascending aorta

A

a short span where the aorta leaves the heart

184
Q

aortic arch

A

where the aorta bends downward

185
Q

descending aorta

A

where the aorta runs down the body

186
Q

branches of the aorta

A

coronary arteries, carotid arteries, subclavian arteries

187
Q

coronary arteries

A

feed the heart, branch off the ascending aorta

188
Q

carotid arteries

A

feed the head, branch off the aortic arch

189
Q

subclavian arteries

A

feed the chest and arms, branch off the aortic arch

190
Q

what happens on the right side of the aorta

A

the brachiocephalic trunk branches into the carotid and subclavian arteries

191
Q

the aorta has many more branches that feed _______ before

A

abdominal organs, before splitting into left and right iliac arteries

192
Q

left and right iliac arteries

A

feed the legs

193
Q

capillaries are the site of

A

actual movement of molecules in or out of the bloodstream

194
Q

capillaries generally work in

A

beds with several capillaries (10-100) stemming from a single arteriole

195
Q

metarteriole

A

larger vessel from arteriole that passes through a capillary MEEETS a throughfare channel

196
Q

thoroughfare channel

A

connects to venule, passes through capillaries and MEETS metarteriole

197
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

can open or close around capillaries, allowing or preventing blood from entering

198
Q

size of capillaries

A

very small (6-8 um) diameter

199
Q

size of red blood cells

A

6 um

200
Q

what do veins do

A

carry blood back to the heart

201
Q

the capillaries can only carry how much oxygen from blood

A

20% of available oxygen

202
Q

in times of exercise, how much oxygen can the capillaries pull out of the blood

A

80-90%

203
Q

venous blood has ______ than arterial blood

A

less oxygen

204
Q

what color are vein vessels

A

clear

205
Q

what color is oxygenated blood

A

bright red

206
Q

what color is deoxygenated blood

A

dark red

207
Q

veins generally work

A

against gravity

208
Q

blood loses ____ upon

A

its pressure upon moving through the capillaries

209
Q

what is the only way to push blood back up through the veins

A

by filling the veins with more blood

210
Q

veins generally have a

A

valve system to stop backflow

211
Q

as people age valves in veins

A

can stop working and cause buildup (edema)

212
Q

standing blood can lead

A

to a (DVT) deep vein thrombosis

213
Q

varicose veins

A

veins widen and stretch, older people asked to wear compression socks on flights

214
Q

to main veins that connect to the heart

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava

215
Q

superior vena cava

A

enter the heart from above, (superior)

216
Q

inferior vena cava

A

enters the heart fro below (inferior)

217
Q

both vena cavae enter which heart chamber

A

the right atrium

218
Q

the _____ returns from the lungs and enters the _____

A

pulmonary vein, left atrium

219
Q

differences between veins and arteries

A

veins have valves to prevent backflow, arteries have a much thicker tunica media

220
Q

veins carry blood

A

back toward the heart

221
Q

arteries carry blood

A

away from the ehart

222
Q

jugular veins

A

provide blood to superior vena cava

223
Q

hemostasis

A

how a blood vessel repairs itself

anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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