test 2 cardiovascular system Flashcards
1
Q
know the structures to identify
A
ok
2
Q
the heart is divided into which two parts
A
left and right
3
Q
each side of the heart can be further divided into
A
atrium and ventricle
4
Q
atrium
A
top
5
Q
ventricle
A
bottom
6
Q
what do the atria do
A
collect blood
7
Q
what do the ventricles do
A
push blood out
8
Q
we should never see blood
A
moving from right side to left side of heart
9
Q
the first sound of the heart beating
A
the atria contracting (LUB)
10
Q
the second sound of heart beating
A
louder, is the stronger ventricles contracting (sub)
11
Q
chambers should have
A
one-way flow
12
Q
what allows chambers to have a one-way flow
A
4 valves
13
Q
each chamber has a _______ to prevent
A
valve at the end to prevent backflow
14
Q
what are the 2 atrioventricular valves
A
bicuspid/mitral on left and tricuspid on right
15
Q
what do atrioventricular valves do
A
separate atrium and ventricle
16
Q
which valves separate the left atrium and ventricle
A
bicuspid valve
17
Q
another named for biscuspid valve
A
mitral valve
18
Q
which valve spearates the right atrium and ventricle
A
the tricuspid valve
19
Q
what are the two semilunar valves
A
pulmonary and aortic
20
Q
what do semilunar valves do
A
they separate ventricle from artery
21
Q
what are the semilunar valves
A
pulmonary and aortic
22
Q
atrioventricular valves have what structure
A
unique
23
Q
what are atrioventricular valves held in place by
A
chordae tendineae
24
Q
chordae tendineae
A
strong strings of mostly collagen that prevent valve prolapse
25
what are the chordae tendineae supported by
papillary muscles
26
what are three sets of chordae in the right ventricle and two on the left... why
the tricuspid valve on the right has three flabs, whie the biscuspid valve on the left side has two flabs
27
which side of the heart is the strong side
left side
28
the blood in the left side of the heart is
oxygenated
29
oxygenated blood first enters...
the left atrium from the lungs
30
how does blood exit the left atrium
through the heart's first contraction (lub)
31
what does blood do when it exits the left atrium
it passes through the ventricle
32
how does blood pass through the ventricle
through the heart's second contraction (dub)
33
what happens after blood exits the left ventricle
it passes the aorta valve and enters the aorta
34
what happens after blood enters the aorta....
to be ultimately delivered to cells across the body
35
which side is the weaker side
the right side
36
the blood on the right side of the heart is
deoxygenated
37
once blood delivers oxygen to body cells....
it reenters the heart's right atrium through the venae cavae
38
what happens after blood reenters the heart's right atrium
blood exits the right atrium when it contracts (SAME lub)
39
what happens when blood exits the right atrium
it passes through the tricuspid valve to prevent backflow
40
what happens AFTER blood exits the right atrium
it exits the ventricle through the heart's second contraction (dub)
41
what happens after blood exits the right ventricle
its passes through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk
42
pulmonary trunk
a very short vessel that branches into left and right pulmonary arteries
43
once blood travels to the lungs it
loads up on oxygen
44
what happens after blood loads up on oxygen at the lungs
the newly oxygenated blood will return to the pulmonary vein and enter back into the left side of the heart
45
two septa
separate the heart into its halves
46
the interatrial septum
separates the atria into left and right
47
the interventricular septum
separates the ventricles
48
VSD
ventricular septal defect
49
what is VSD
most common heart defect in infants, affects about 1/500 , small hole in heart?
50
the 3.5 main layers of the heart
the pericardium
the epicaridum
the myocardium
the endocardium
51
pericardium
sac around outside o the heart
52
epicardium
outer layer of heart tissue, connective + fat tissue
53
myocardium
middle, muscular layer
54
myo
muscle
55
endocardium
inner layer, endothelial cells, smooth surface
56
the pericardium is..
not officially a part of the heart (why it counts as .5)
57
the heart is a
muscle that needs oxygen
58
coronary arteries
branch off the aorta and deliver blood to the heart
59
infarction
blockage of blood
60
what happens in infarction
blockage of blood to one the coronary arteries means the heart isn't getting enough blood
61
acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
sudden, heart muscle, blockage of blood flow
62
what happens in acute myocardial infarction
heart attack,
63
the movie hat scene was in
remebr the titan
64
hemophilia
one of several different mutations that affects proteins involved in the coagulation cascade, blood can't clot properly=blood loss
65
what does a disruption in the coagulation cascade cause
prevents thrombin from forming
66
what happens when thrombin is prevented from forming
stopping fibrinogen from being cleaved into fibrin, makes it much harder for blood to clot
67
how could you treat hemophilia
plasma transfusions to replace damaged plasma proteins
68
many hemophiliacs in the 1980s....
50% or more of them got HIV//AIDS from tainted plasma
69
another word for clot
thrombus
70
thrombus
an aggregation f blood parts that forms a solid mass
71
thrombi can be...
red, white, mixed
72
red thrombi
mosltly RBCs
73
white thrombi
mostly platelets
74
mixed thrombi
RBCs and platelets
75
embolus
embolus is a thrombus that breaks away into the bloodstream
76
when do thrombi usually happen
- the heart does not properly pump and blood pools in one chamber (red thrombus)
- the heart valves flap too hard and damage the endothelium, exposing vWF (white thrombus
- plaque builds up on and damages endothelium in a vessel (white thrombus)
- blood pools up in a vessel, typically a vein, from faulty nerves
77
vegetation
a thrombus forming on the heart
78
thrombogenic
at risk arteries
79
arterial embolism
thrombus formed in the "red" side of the cardiovascular system, then dislodged
80
arterial embolism leads to
infartion
81
"red" side of cardiovascular system
heart, artery, arterioles
82
where are arterial embolisms most dangerous
if they end up in the brain, heart
83
what would arterial embolism do the the brain
stroke
84
what would arterial embolism do in the heart
AMI
85
arterial embolism are usually
white thrombi
86
venous embolism
thrombus formed in a vein (most likely DVT)
87
what does venous embolism do
blocks the pulmonary artery and causes a pulmonary embolism
88
venous embolism are usually
red
89
paradoxical embolism
clot switches side
90
where does paradoxical embolism almost always happen
VSD
91
preventing embolism
thrombolysis
92
what is thrombolysis
break up thrombus
93
how can you do thrombolysis
through anticoagulant medicines
94
examples of anticoagulant medicines
aspirin, heparin, warfarin
95
what are the steps to blood vessel fixing itself
1. Vascular Spasm
2. Platelet Plug forms
3. Coagulation Cascade
96
what will endothelial cells secrete
serotonin, TF, vWF
97
what does vWF do
Von Willebrand factor, helps platelets stick together
98
what does serotonin do to repair blood vessels
causes smooth muscle to vasoconstrict
99
what happens in a vascular spasm
vessel pinches in arteries, arterioles, veins or venules, to limit blood loss
100
where do vascular spasms work best
arterioles because they are small with lots of tunica media
101
where do vascular spasms NOT happen
capillaries
102
what happens in the coagulation cascade
a cascade of events causes TF to increase amounts of thrombin
103
TF
tissue factor
104
what does thrombin do
activates fibrinogen into fibrin
105
what does fibrin do
stick to other fibrins and form fibrin polymers, which helps to fill gaps and form a tight seal
106
purpose of the cardiovascular system
transport, protection, regulation
107
how does cardiovascular system transport
deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones to cells across the body and removes waste
108
what waste does the cardiovascular system remove
CO2 etc
109
how does the cardiovascular system protect
white blood cells and antibodies help fight infections, platelet clot wounds
110
how does the cardiovascular system do regulation
temperature, pH, and water level
111
what are the three elements of the cardiovascular system
the heart (pump), the blood vessels (container), the blood (stuff)
112
when blood is run through a centrifuge, it sorts into what layers
plasma, buffy coat, hematocrit
113
in the average human, there are roughly _______ of blood in the body
5 litres
114
plasma makes up how much of the blood
55%
115
how much of the plasma is water
92%
116
how much of the plasma consists of various proteins
7%
117
what does albumin do
maintains osmotic pressure
118
albumin in more detail
kind of like salt, causes water to enter vessel and not all be outside the vessel, too much albumin would make the blood vessel have too much water
119
hypoalbunemia
low level of albumin lead to edema (swelling)
120
globulins
transport hormones
121
fibrinogens (general defintion)
aid in clotting
122
which plasma proteins are made in the liver
albumin, globulin, fibrinogens
123
what percentage if the plasma is 'other stuff'
1%
124
what 'other stuff' make up the plasma
salts, nutrients like glucose, dissolved gases
125
what does the buffy coat contain
white blood cells
126
the buffy coat makes up how much of the blood volume
1%
127
another name for white blood cells
leukocytes
128
what are leukocytes involved in
immune response to infection
129
leukocytes are the only _____ cells in the blood
nucleate, bloodstream
130
how many types of leukocytes found in the blood
5
131
what can leukocytes slip through
blood vessels that aren't in capillaries, in a process called diapedisis
132
how many white white blood cells are there
4500-11000 white blood cells per mm3
133
leukocytosis
too many white blood cells
134
what can leukocytosis cause
signals infection or some cancers
135
leukopenia
not enough white blood cells
136
what can leukopenia cause
signals chemotherapy, radiation or some viral infection like HIV
137
the buffy coat also contains _____ whose primary function is _____
platelets, aid in clotting
138
where do platelets come from
a cell type called megakaryocyte
139
what are megakaryocytes made by
made by bone marrow
140
what do megakaryotes do
grow very large and then rupture, releasing over 1000 platelets
141
are platelets cells
no
142
platelets love to
stick to collagen
143
what happens when platelets stick to collagen
clotting occurs
144
what is the hematocrit
the percentage of blood that is red blood cells
145
what should the hematocrit be in males
45%
146
what should the hematocrit be infemales
40%
147
another name for red blood cells
erythrocytes
148
where are red blood cells made
in the bone marrow
149
what do red blood cells look like
anucleate and have no organelles
150
what do erythrocytres do
carry massive amounts of protein hemoglobin
151
how many hemoglobins per red blood cell
250 million
152
each hemoglobin holds how many 02 molecules
4 02 molecules
153
the shape of red blood cells give them
a high surface area: volume ratio
154
anemia
any disorder where blood transports oxygen less efficiently
155
how many types of anemia are there
over 400
156
iron deficiency anemia
hemoglobin requires iron in its chemical structure
157
sickle-cell anemia
hemoglobin protein has a single mutation
158
thalassemia
imbalance in production of a and b subunits
159
aplastic
toxins or other stuff stop marrow from producing RBCS
160
thrombocytopenia
any disorder that cause a decrease in the number of platelets
161
wiskott-aldrich syndrome
x-linked clotting disorder that causes a decrease in the number of platelets... can cause thrombocytopenia
162
the examples of anemia
iron deficiency
sickle-cell anemia
thalassemia
aplastic
163
dengue fever
rare cases lead to low platelet count can cause throbocytopenia
164
types of thrombocytopenia
- wiskott-aldridge syndrome
| - dengue fever
165
how do blood vessels run around the body
run in a circle starting at the heart
166
blood....
leaves the heart through large arteries
167
arteries...
branch into arterioles
168
arterioles...
split into capillaries
169
capillaries...
reassemble into venules
170
venules...
merge to form veins
171
three layers of the lining of an artery from inside to outside
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
172
lumen
the hollow part of a blood vessel
173
tunica intima
has endothelial cells that directly contact blood and reduce friction it passes
174
tunica media
has smooth muscle and elastic tissue, allowing for vasodilation or vasoconstrinction
175
tunica adventitia
is made up of mostly collagen and usually anchors arteries to surrounding tissue
176
arteries run _______ from the heart
away
177
which arteries stem directly from the heart
pulmonary artery, aorta
178
what does the pulmonary artery do
run towards the lungs and splits into left and right
179
what does the aorta do
branches into smaller and smaller arteries that run around the body
180
which artery comes from the left ventricle
aorta
181
which artery comes from the right ventricle
the pulmonary artery
182
the aorta can be split into what parts
the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, the descending aorta
183
ascending aorta
a short span where the aorta leaves the heart
184
aortic arch
where the aorta bends downward
185
descending aorta
where the aorta runs down the body
186
branches of the aorta
coronary arteries, carotid arteries, subclavian arteries
187
coronary arteries
feed the heart, branch off the ascending aorta
188
carotid arteries
feed the head, branch off the aortic arch
189
subclavian arteries
feed the chest and arms, branch off the aortic arch
190
what happens on the right side of the aorta
the brachiocephalic trunk branches into the carotid and subclavian arteries
191
the aorta has many more branches that feed _______ before
abdominal organs, before splitting into left and right iliac arteries
192
left and right iliac arteries
feed the legs
193
capillaries are the site of
actual movement of molecules in or out of the bloodstream
194
capillaries generally work in
beds with several capillaries (10-100) stemming from a single arteriole
195
metarteriole
larger vessel from arteriole that passes through a capillary MEEETS a throughfare channel
196
thoroughfare channel
connects to venule, passes through capillaries and MEETS metarteriole
197
precapillary sphincters
can open or close around capillaries, allowing or preventing blood from entering
198
size of capillaries
very small (6-8 um) diameter
199
size of red blood cells
6 um
200
what do veins do
carry blood back to the heart
201
the capillaries can only carry how much oxygen from blood
20% of available oxygen
202
in times of exercise, how much oxygen can the capillaries pull out of the blood
80-90%
203
venous blood has ______ than arterial blood
less oxygen
204
what color are vein vessels
clear
205
what color is oxygenated blood
bright red
206
what color is deoxygenated blood
dark red
207
veins generally work
against gravity
208
blood loses ____ upon
its pressure upon moving through the capillaries
209
what is the only way to push blood back up through the veins
by filling the veins with more blood
210
veins generally have a
valve system to stop backflow
211
as people age valves in veins
can stop working and cause buildup (edema)
212
standing blood can lead
to a (DVT) deep vein thrombosis
213
varicose veins
veins widen and stretch, older people asked to wear compression socks on flights
214
to main veins that connect to the heart
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava
215
superior vena cava
enter the heart from above, (superior)
216
inferior vena cava
enters the heart fro below (inferior)
217
both vena cavae enter which heart chamber
the right atrium
218
the _____ returns from the lungs and enters the _____
pulmonary vein, left atrium
219
differences between veins and arteries
veins have valves to prevent backflow, arteries have a much thicker tunica media
220
veins carry blood
back toward the heart
221
arteries carry blood
away from the ehart
222
jugular veins
provide blood to superior vena cava
223
hemostasis
how a blood vessel repairs itself
