integumentary system quiz Flashcards
1
Q
what is the integumentary system
A
skin and the structures of the skin
2
Q
what are the functions of the integumentary system
A
- protection from foreign invaders
- regulation of temperature
- sensing things around you with touch receptors
- begging the synthesis of vitamin D (first step only)
3
Q
how many layers of the skin are there
A
2.5 layers
4
Q
what are the 2.5 layers of the skin
A
- epidermis
- dermis
- hypodermis
5
Q
epidermis
A
most superficial layer
6
Q
dermis
A
is deep to the epidermis
7
Q
hypodermis
A
deep to the dermis, sometimes not considered art of the skin
8
Q
hypodermis other name
A
subcutaneous layer
9
Q
what is the epidermis made of
A
stratified squamous epithelium
10
Q
the epidermis is completely what
A
avascular (no blood vassesl)
11
Q
how thick is the epidermis in areas of thin skin? thick skin?
A
thin: 0.1 thick, thinkest: 1.5 mm thic
12
Q
it comparison to the dermis, the epidermis has…
A
very few nerve endings
13
Q
the epidermis is broken into how many layers
A
5
14
Q
what happens to cells born on the bottom layer of the epidermis
A
will fall off (desquamation) in between 14 and 60 days
15
Q
95% of epidermal cells are
A
keratinocytes
16
Q
many keratinocytes are ________ by the time____
A
are dead by the time they reach the outer layers
17
Q
keratinocytes
A
- cannot divide
- create keratin and place it outside
18
Q
5 layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep
A
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale
19
Q
the more superficial
A
the older
20
Q
stratum corneum
A
only dead, flat keratinocytes completely wrapped in keratin
21
Q
stratum lucidum
A
dead and flattened keratinocytes that give an extra layer
22
Q
stratum granulosum
A
keratinocytes expel lipids to form a barrier
23
Q
stratum spinosum
A
keratinocytes connect to one another with desmosomes
24
Q
what happens to cells once they reach the stratum spinosum
A
they diffrentiate, enter G zero [phase, cannot divide anymore
25
stratum basale
keratinocyte-making stem cells and other cells are here. all keratinocytes in more superficial layers were born in this layer and pushed outwards
26
the stratum lucidum is only found where
in the thickest layers of skin, like palms and soles of feet
27
what are desmosomes
specialized structures that use multiple adhesion proteins to hold cells together and minimize the space between cells
28
adhesion proteins
adhesins
29
in the layers of the epidermis, cells tend to _____ as the they move ____
flatten as they move superficially
30
mnemonic for epidermis layers
```
Come
Let's
Get
Sun
Burnt
```
31
cool cells in the stratum basale
melanocytes
merkel cells
langerhans cells
32
what do melanocytes do
produce the black pigment melanin
33
what is melanin responsible for
making skin look dark
34
melanocytes produce more melanin in response to
more sunlight exposure (like tanning)
35
melanocytes package...
small amounts of pigment into vessls called melanosomes
36
melanosomes are passed along by _____ to _____
passed along by melanocytes to superficial keratinocytes
37
melanin absorbs what??
UV rays from sunlight
38
UV rays can cause what
cancer if cells are exposed too much
39
a tan protects you from
skin cancer!!!
40
skin color is a factor of ...
the number of melanosomes in the skin
41
is skin color determined by the number of melanocytes
NO, but by how active those melanocytes are
42
a melanocyte usually has
dendrites
43
what are dendrites
long projections that reach into more superficial layers of the epidermis
44
what do dendrites do
passes the melanosomes into outer cells
45
Merkel cells are a type of
mechanoreceptor
46
what are mechanoreceptor
sense physical stress, force, or movement and convey that message to nerves
47
merkel cells are the only
mechanoreceptor in the epidermis
48
Merkel cells are the best mechanoreceptor of wha
light pressure
49
Merkel cells are thought to be helpful in detecting
textures and edges of shapes
50
where are merkel cells most densely found
in fingertips
51
merkel cells sit on top of
sensory neurons
52
the Merkel cells pass information
to sensory neurons, which carry them to the CNS to be processed
53
langerhans cells are a type of
dendritic cells unique to the skin
54
dendritic cells are a type
antigen-presenting phagocyte
55
what are phagocytes again
a type of white blood cells
56
langerhans cells are often considered
"the first tine of defense" for the immune system
57
what would happen should an invader begin to penetrate the skin
a Langerhans cells will eat it, shred it, and alert helper T cells
58
what can helper T cells do
initiate an immune response
59
Langerhans cells play a role in
learning which foreign invaders are not bad for the host
60
Langerhans cells train the body
to avoid killing invaders that re not bad
61
how thick is the dermis
ranges from .5-3.0 mm thick
62
the dermis has many more ___ than the epidermis
many more structures
63
what are some structures of the dermis
hair follicles, glands, smooth muscles, nails on fingers and toes
64
is there a flat line dividing the epidermis and dermis
NO
65
how DO the epidermis and dermis divide
the dermis protrudes into the epidermis at different points to provide nutrients to the epidermis
66
protrusions from the dermis into the epidermis are called
dermal papillae
67
dermal papillae are responsible fro skin
skin texture and unique fingerprints
68
two main types of glands in the dermis
sebaceous glands, sweat glands
69
sebaceous glands are responsible for,,,
producing and secreting sebum
70
what is sebum composed of
various oils
71
sebaceous glands are usually found attached to
hair follicles
72
sebum made by the sebaceous glands
works its way to the skin
73
the clogging of a hair follicle can cause
sebum to build um under the skin, leading to a whitehead
74
eating oily and sugary foods causes
more oily sebum to be made, which makes clogged pores fill u much faster
75
what do sweat glands do
release sweat
76
most sweat glands in the body release are called
eccrine sweat glands
77
eccrine sweat glands
release water for cooling down the body's temperature
78
there are special sweat glands located in the______and ____
in the armpits and groin
79
special sweat glands in the armpit and groin
apocrine sweat glands
80
apocrine sweat glands do what
release extra oil into their secreted fluid
81
apocrine sweat glands harbor what
harbor normal flora that degrade the oil int smelly compounds
82
the smelly compounds give each person
their unique musk
83
eccrine glands usually release liquid directly
directly onto the skin
84
apocrine glands usually
release their secretions into a hair follicle
85
Meissner's corpuscles
mechanoreceptors on the superficial end of the dermis, almost touching the epidermis
86
Meissner's corpuscles are best for
for detecting light touch sensations
87
Meissner's corpuscles re responsible for
for helping people read braille
88
read braille is
noticing bugs on the skin
89
Meissner's corpuscles are a large
large bundle of cels with a neuron interwoven inside and protrude up into the epidermis as long cylinders
90
Pacinian corpuscles are
larger mechanoreceptors in the dermis
91
Pacinian corpuscles are the
DEEPEST of the four mechanoreceptors
92
Pacinian corpuscles only register
only register large amounts of pressure on the skin
93
Pacianian corpuscles are more sensitive to
heavier touch and vibrations
94
Pacianian corpuscles are capsules that
capsules that surround the tip of the neuron
95
Ruffini's corpuscle are the
final type of mechanoreceptor
96
Ruffini's corpuscles are not as well
understood as the other types, mostly detect the stretching of the skin
97
it is thought Ruffini's corpuscles are most helpful in
determining ow hard something is pressing the surface or how firmly you are grasping an object
98
Ruffini's corpuscles tend to be
entirely within the dermis, not not as deep as Pacinian corpuscles
99
Burns are categorized by
how deep of the damage goes
100
typesof burns
1st degree
2nd degree
3rd degree
4th degree
101
1st degree burns
damage part of the epidermis
102
2nd degree burns damage
the whole epidermis and some dermis
103
3rd degree burns
damage the whole epidermis and dermis
104
4th degree burns damage
all skin and underlying bone/muscle
