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anatomy and physiology > integumentary system quiz > Flashcards

integumentary system quiz Flashcards

1
Q

what is the integumentary system

A

skin and the structures of the skin

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2
Q

what are the functions of the integumentary system

A
  • protection from foreign invaders
  • regulation of temperature
  • sensing things around you with touch receptors
  • begging the synthesis of vitamin D (first step only)
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3
Q

how many layers of the skin are there

A

2.5 layers

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4
Q

what are the 2.5 layers of the skin

A
  • epidermis
  • dermis
  • hypodermis
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5
Q

epidermis

A

most superficial layer

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6
Q

dermis

A

is deep to the epidermis

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7
Q

hypodermis

A

deep to the dermis, sometimes not considered art of the skin

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8
Q

hypodermis other name

A

subcutaneous layer

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9
Q

what is the epidermis made of

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

the epidermis is completely what

A

avascular (no blood vassesl)

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11
Q

how thick is the epidermis in areas of thin skin? thick skin?

A

thin: 0.1 thick, thinkest: 1.5 mm thic

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12
Q

it comparison to the dermis, the epidermis has…

A

very few nerve endings

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13
Q

the epidermis is broken into how many layers

A

5

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14
Q

what happens to cells born on the bottom layer of the epidermis

A

will fall off (desquamation) in between 14 and 60 days

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15
Q

95% of epidermal cells are

A

keratinocytes

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16
Q

many keratinocytes are ________ by the time____

A

are dead by the time they reach the outer layers

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17
Q

keratinocytes

A
  • cannot divide

- create keratin and place it outside

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18
Q

5 layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep

A
  • stratum corneum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum basale
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19
Q

the more superficial

A

the older

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20
Q

stratum corneum

A

only dead, flat keratinocytes completely wrapped in keratin

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21
Q

stratum lucidum

A

dead and flattened keratinocytes that give an extra layer

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22
Q

stratum granulosum

A

keratinocytes expel lipids to form a barrier

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23
Q

stratum spinosum

A

keratinocytes connect to one another with desmosomes

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24
Q

what happens to cells once they reach the stratum spinosum

A

they diffrentiate, enter G zero [phase, cannot divide anymore

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25
Q

stratum basale

A

keratinocyte-making stem cells and other cells are here. all keratinocytes in more superficial layers were born in this layer and pushed outwards

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26
Q

the stratum lucidum is only found where

A

in the thickest layers of skin, like palms and soles of feet

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27
Q

what are desmosomes

A

specialized structures that use multiple adhesion proteins to hold cells together and minimize the space between cells

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28
Q

adhesion proteins

A

adhesins

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29
Q

in the layers of the epidermis, cells tend to _____ as the they move ____

A

flatten as they move superficially

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30
Q

mnemonic for epidermis layers

A 
Come
Let's
Get
Sun
Burnt
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31
Q

cool cells in the stratum basale

A

melanocytes
merkel cells
langerhans cells

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32
Q

what do melanocytes do

A

produce the black pigment melanin

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33
Q

what is melanin responsible for

A

making skin look dark

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34
Q

melanocytes produce more melanin in response to

A

more sunlight exposure (like tanning)

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35
Q

melanocytes package…

A

small amounts of pigment into vessls called melanosomes

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36
Q

melanosomes are passed along by _____ to _____

A

passed along by melanocytes to superficial keratinocytes

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37
Q

melanin absorbs what??

A

UV rays from sunlight

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38
Q

UV rays can cause what

A

cancer if cells are exposed too much

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39
Q

a tan protects you from

A

skin cancer!!!

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40
Q

skin color is a factor of …

A

the number of melanosomes in the skin

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41
Q

is skin color determined by the number of melanocytes

A

NO, but by how active those melanocytes are

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42
Q

a melanocyte usually has

A

dendrites

43
Q

what are dendrites

A

long projections that reach into more superficial layers of the epidermis

44
Q

what do dendrites do

A

passes the melanosomes into outer cells

45
Q

Merkel cells are a type of

A

mechanoreceptor

46
Q

what are mechanoreceptor

A

sense physical stress, force, or movement and convey that message to nerves

47
Q

merkel cells are the only

A

mechanoreceptor in the epidermis

48
Q

Merkel cells are the best mechanoreceptor of wha

A

light pressure

49
Q

Merkel cells are thought to be helpful in detecting

A

textures and edges of shapes

50
Q

where are merkel cells most densely found

A

in fingertips

51
Q

merkel cells sit on top of

A

sensory neurons

52
Q

the Merkel cells pass information

A

to sensory neurons, which carry them to the CNS to be processed

53
Q

langerhans cells are a type of

A

dendritic cells unique to the skin

54
Q

dendritic cells are a type

A

antigen-presenting phagocyte

55
Q

what are phagocytes again

A

a type of white blood cells

56
Q

langerhans cells are often considered

A

“the first tine of defense” for the immune system

57
Q

what would happen should an invader begin to penetrate the skin

A

a Langerhans cells will eat it, shred it, and alert helper T cells

58
Q

what can helper T cells do

A

initiate an immune response

59
Q

Langerhans cells play a role in

A

learning which foreign invaders are not bad for the host

60
Q

Langerhans cells train the body

A

to avoid killing invaders that re not bad

61
Q

how thick is the dermis

A

ranges from .5-3.0 mm thick

62
Q

the dermis has many more ___ than the epidermis

A

many more structures

63
Q

what are some structures of the dermis

A

hair follicles, glands, smooth muscles, nails on fingers and toes

64
Q

is there a flat line dividing the epidermis and dermis

A

NO

65
Q

how DO the epidermis and dermis divide

A

the dermis protrudes into the epidermis at different points to provide nutrients to the epidermis

66
Q

protrusions from the dermis into the epidermis are called

A

dermal papillae

67
Q

dermal papillae are responsible fro skin

A

skin texture and unique fingerprints

68
Q

two main types of glands in the dermis

A

sebaceous glands, sweat glands

69
Q

sebaceous glands are responsible for,,,

A

producing and secreting sebum

70
Q

what is sebum composed of

A

various oils

71
Q

sebaceous glands are usually found attached to

A

hair follicles

72
Q

sebum made by the sebaceous glands

A

works its way to the skin

73
Q

the clogging of a hair follicle can cause

A

sebum to build um under the skin, leading to a whitehead

74
Q

eating oily and sugary foods causes

A

more oily sebum to be made, which makes clogged pores fill u much faster

75
Q

what do sweat glands do

A

release sweat

76
Q

most sweat glands in the body release are called

A

eccrine sweat glands

77
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

release water for cooling down the body’s temperature

78
Q

there are special sweat glands located in the______and ____

A

in the armpits and groin

79
Q

special sweat glands in the armpit and groin

A

apocrine sweat glands

80
Q

apocrine sweat glands do what

A

release extra oil into their secreted fluid

81
Q

apocrine sweat glands harbor what

A

harbor normal flora that degrade the oil int smelly compounds

82
Q

the smelly compounds give each person

A

their unique musk

83
Q

eccrine glands usually release liquid directly

A

directly onto the skin

84
Q

apocrine glands usually

A

release their secretions into a hair follicle

85
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

mechanoreceptors on the superficial end of the dermis, almost touching the epidermis

86
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles are best for

A

for detecting light touch sensations

87
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles re responsible for

A

for helping people read braille

88
Q

read braille is

A

noticing bugs on the skin

89
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles are a large

A

large bundle of cels with a neuron interwoven inside and protrude up into the epidermis as long cylinders

90
Q

Pacinian corpuscles are

A

larger mechanoreceptors in the dermis

91
Q

Pacinian corpuscles are the

A

DEEPEST of the four mechanoreceptors

92
Q

Pacinian corpuscles only register

A

only register large amounts of pressure on the skin

93
Q

Pacianian corpuscles are more sensitive to

A

heavier touch and vibrations

94
Q

Pacianian corpuscles are capsules that

A

capsules that surround the tip of the neuron

95
Q

Ruffini’s corpuscle are the

A

final type of mechanoreceptor

96
Q

Ruffini’s corpuscles are not as well

A

understood as the other types, mostly detect the stretching of the skin

97
Q

it is thought Ruffini’s corpuscles are most helpful in

A

determining ow hard something is pressing the surface or how firmly you are grasping an object

98
Q

Ruffini’s corpuscles tend to be

A

entirely within the dermis, not not as deep as Pacinian corpuscles

99
Q

Burns are categorized by

A

how deep of the damage goes

100
Q

typesof burns

A

1st degree
2nd degree
3rd degree
4th degree

101
Q

1st degree burns

A

damage part of the epidermis

102
Q

2nd degree burns damage

A

the whole epidermis and some dermis

103
Q

3rd degree burns

A

damage the whole epidermis and dermis

104
Q

4th degree burns damage

A

all skin and underlying bone/muscle

anatomy and physiology (25 decks)

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