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Jorge GIL > Teeth and Mastication > Flashcards

Teeth and Mastication Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the incisors

A

nibbling
grooming
cutting

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2
Q

What is the role of the canines

A

grasping
fighting/defence
stabbing
toxin injection

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3
Q

what is the role of the premolars and molars

A

depends on diet
crushing
shearing
gripping
grinding

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4
Q

What extra teeth do snakes have?

A

Pteryoid teeth

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5
Q

Labial/buccal meaning

A

lateral/cheek side

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6
Q

Lingual meaning

A

medial side of mandibular teeth

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7
Q

Palatal meaning

A

medial side of maxillary teeth

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8
Q

mesial meaning

A

rostral side

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9
Q

distal meaning (teeth)

A

caudal side

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10
Q

occlusal meaning

A

meeting surface of teeth

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11
Q

cusps meaning

A

raised parts of occlusal surface

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12
Q

furcation meaning

A

where roots come together

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13
Q

coronal meaning

A

towards tip of crown

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14
Q

apical meaning

A

towards root

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15
Q

Homodont definition and species examples

A

All teeth similar
e.g., reptiles, fish, amphibians

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16
Q

Heterodont meaning and species examples

A

Teeth dissimilar
e.g., mammals, some reptiles

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17
Q

Monophyodont meaning and species examples

A

Adult set of teeth only
e.g., rodents, marsupials

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18
Q

Polyphyodont meaning and species examples

A

Teeth continuously replaced
e.g., reptiles, fish, kangaroos, elephants

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19
Q

Diphyodont meaning

A

Two sets of teeth

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20
Q

Zalambdodont tooth meaning

A

3 cusps, single largest lingually

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21
Q

Dilambdodont tooth meaning

A

W-shaped occlusal surface

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22
Q

Bunodont tooth meaning

A

rounded crowns, often quadrate

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23
Q

Lophodont tooth meaning

A

cusps as folded ridges

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24
Q

Selenodont tooth meaning

A

cusps as crescents

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25
Q

Secodont tooth meaning

A

cutting edges/shearing
e.g., carnivore carnassials

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26
Q

loxodont tooth meaning

A

highly folded cusps to form a rasp

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27
Q

Hypsodont tooth meaning

A

High crowns
Most of tooth hidden in jaw bone

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28
Q

Brachydont tooth meaning

A

low crowns
half visible, half in jaw

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29
Q

Anelodont tooth meaning

A

erupt to fixed height, not growing or erupting continuously

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30
Q

radicular tooth meaning

A

closed root

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31
Q

Elondont tooth meaning

A

open root - grows continuously

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32
Q

How to carnivores chew?

A

Moves jaw sideways to engage carnassial teeth
Close jaw to shear/crush

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33
Q

How do omnivores chew?

A

combined crush/grind action

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34
Q

How do herbivores chew?

A

close jaw on herbage
move jaw sideways whilst held closed -> grinds plant material

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35
Q

What muscles are used to move jaw sideways

A

pteryoideus muscles

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36
Q

what muscles are used to close the jaw

A

masseter and temporalis muscles

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37
Q

How are carnivore and herbivore skulls adapted for their diet?

A

Longer vertical ramus radius gives more even occlusion in herbivores
Shorter vertical ramus radius produced scissor-action in carnivores

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38
Q

Diastema definition

A

gap between incisors and cheek teeth

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39
Q

The gingiva is a mucoperiosteum. What does this mean?

A

the oral mucosa is firmly attached to the underlying periosteum

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40
Q
A
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41
Q

Describe the components of the crown of the tooth

A

Visible/supragingival part
Enamel: hard, smooth
Dentine: hard, tubules
Cusps
Pulp cavity

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42
Q

Describe the components of the root of the tooth

A

Cementum
Dentine
Root canal
Apex-apical delta
Single and multi rooted

43
Q
A
44
Q

What happens to pulp as the animal ages?

A

It is gradually replaced by secondary dentine

45
Q

Describe the composition of enamel

A

97% hydroxyapatite
Acellular
No collagen (special support proteins instead)
Enamel Ca is in equilibrium with salivary Ca
Dissolved in acid
Only on crown
No repair possible

46
Q

Describe the composition of dentine

A

Odontoblasts produce dentine tubules
cytoplasmic processes within dentinal tubules

47
Q

Describe primary, secondary and tertiary dentine

A

Primary:
- most of dentine
- formed as tooth grows
- mineralized collagen
Secondary:
- grows slowly on daily basis
- forms after eruption
- makes pulp smaller
Tertiary:
- reaction to damage
- irregular structure
- helps to fill in damage

48
Q

Label this tooth

A
49
Q

Describe the pulp cavity

A

Contains blood vessels, lymph, nerves
Location of secondary dentine deposition (pulp narrows with age)
Closed apex when finished erupting
Open apex for continually growing teeth
Apical delta - many small canals at apex

50
Q

Describe the function of cementum

A

Similar to bone
Attachment for periodontal fibres
Completely covers herbivore teeth

51
Q

What is a closed root?

A

Root apex closed off - does not grow once formed
Can erupt slowly and continuously e.g., horses, cattle
Or teeth can erupt to a fixed height e.g., carnivores and omnivores

52
Q

What is an open root?

A

Root apex is open - continuously growing elodont
Teeth grows and erupts continuously
e.g., rodents and many lagomorphs

53
Q

What is the periodontium?

A

The supportive structures of the tooth

54
Q

What are the components of the periodonteum?

A

Alveolar bone (lamina dura)
Periodontal ligament
Cementum
Gingiva

55
Q

Label the periodontium (3,6,7,8)

A

3 = cementum
6 = periodontal ligament
7 = alveolar bone/lamina dura
8 = gingiva

56
Q

Describe the structure and composition of gingiva

A

Squamous epithelium
Dense fibrous layer
Closely bound to periosteum
Reflects at cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to form a pocket (the gingival sulcus)

57
Q

What is the clincal relevance of the gingival sulcus?

A

Site for food debris to be trapped
Site where inflammation starts (gingivitis)

58
Q

Describe the composition and function of the periodontal ligament

A

Series of angles collagen fibres
Supports the tooth
Shock absorber
Spreads load into whole socket

59
Q

Describe the process of tooth development

A
  • Lines of epithelial cells condense along the jaw margins and invaginate to from a dental bud
  • the epithelial cells become ameloblasts and form the enamel organ
  • the dental bud in-folds to form a dental cap under which neural crest-derived mesenchyme form a dental papilla
  • the mesenchymal cells become odontoblasts and form dentine
  • mesenchyme around the bud forms a vascular dental sac/follicle
  • the inner layer of the follicle forms cementoblasts and form cementum
  • the outer layer of the follicle form osteoblasts which form the alveolar bone
60
Q

What is the enamel organ made up of?

A

Stellate reticulum
Ameloblasts (inner enamel epithelium)
Outer enamel epithelium

61
Q

What happens to the enamel once the tooth has erupted?

A

The enamel dies and is no longer produced (this leaves behind hard enamel)

62
Q

How does the adult tooth remove the deciduous tooth?

A

It crushes the pulp of the deciduous tooth to cut off blood supply so it ‘dies’

63
Q

Why is correct eruption important?

A

If eruption goes wrong then tooth impaction can occur (new tooth becomes jammed by permanent teeth), this can impact the animals ability to eat

64
Q

Describe tooth eruption in horses

A

Teeth erupt as they grow
Roots close later in life
Teeth continue to erupt throughout life

65
Q

Describe tooth eruption in carnivores

A

Teeth erupt as they finish growing
Teeth erupt to a certain height then stop

66
Q

What is the clinical relevance of horse teeth eruption rate?

A

Teeth grows and wear most rapidly in first 5 years after eruption - this means that up to 9 yrs old there is a higher risk of creating sharp points

67
Q

What is the clinical relevance of constant tooth eruption in herbivores?

A

Can lead to too much tooth pushing into jaw if growth/eruption rate is greater than the degradation of the tooth

68
Q

What muscles close the carnivores mouth during mastication and what nerve supplies them?

A

Temporalis
Masseter
V3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve)

69
Q

What muscle opens the carnivores mouth during mastication and which nerves supply it?

A

Digastricus
V3 (manidbular branch of trigeminal nerve) and VII (facial)

70
Q

What are the masticatory muscles in herbivores and what nerve supplies them?

A

Temporalis
Lateral and medial pterygoideus
Masseter
V3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal)

71
Q

What is the arterial supply of the upper teeth

A

Infraorbital artery
Major palatine artery

72
Q

What is the arterial supply of the lower teeth?

A

Inferior alveolar artery

73
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the major palatine artery?

A

Can be damaged during upper teeth extraction

74
Q

What is the venous drainage of the masticatory muscles?

A

maxillary vein and deep facial vein

75
Q

Describe the nerve supply to the maxilla

A

Infraorbital nerve (V2)
Enters maxillary foramen
Sensory branches to tooth rooth
exits at infraorbital foramen

76
Q

Describe the nerve supply to the mandible

A

Mandibular nerve (V3)
Enters mandibular foramen
Travels in mandibular canal
Sensory branches to tooth roots (PM + M)
Middle mental nerve is sensory to I+C (incisors and canines)

77
Q

What are the 4 dental nerve blocks and what do they block?

A

Maxillary nerve (V2) - I+C+PM+M
Infraorbital nerve (V2) - I+C+PM
Inferior alveolar nerve (via the mandibular foramen) (V3) - I+C+PM+M
Middle mental nerve (via the middle mental foramen) (V3) - I+C

78
Q

Identify these nerve block sites

A
79
Q

Describe the anatomy and function of the temporo-mandibular joint

A

Synovial joint
Hinge joint
Also has lateral movement and rostro-caudal movement to allows for grinding and opposing of teeth
Well developed meniscus which develops 2 synovial compartments:
- skull-side for translation movements
- mandible-side for hinge movements

80
Q

Explain the modified triadan system

A

3 digits to identify the tooth
1st digit = quadrant (1-4 or 5-8 in deciduous teeth)
2nd and 3rd digit identifies tooth
Incisors: 01, 02, 03
Canines: 04
Premolars: 05, 06, 07, 08
Molars: 09, 10, 11

81
Q

Describe the use of dental formulae

A
82
Q

Describe carnivore dentition

A

Brachydont
Erupt to set height
Jaws have to move laterally to bring carnassials into action

83
Q

What are the functions of carnivorous teeth

A

Incisors: nibbling/nipping
Canines: puncute/grasp
Carnassials: cut/shear
Molars: crush

84
Q

How many teeth does a cat have?

A

30

85
Q

How many teeth does a dog have?

A

42

86
Q

What is the dental formulae for a dog?

A
87
Q

What is the dental formulae for a cat?

A
88
Q

Which teeth are the carnassial teeth and what is their function?

A

Large cutting teeth
Upper PM4
Lower M1

89
Q

What are the eruption times for kitten deciduous teeth?

A

Incisors: 3-4wks
Canines: 3-4 wks
Premolars: 5-6wks

90
Q

What are the eruption times for puppy deciduous teeth?

A

Incisors: 4-6wks
Canines: 3-5wks
Premolars: 5-6 wks

91
Q

hello

A

goodbye

92
Q

What are the eruption times for dog permanent teeth?

A

Incisors: 3-4m
Canines: 3-4m
Premolars: 4-5m
Molars: 4-6m

93
Q

Clinical relevance of brachcephalic dog teeth

A

Jaws bred to be short so less from for teeth

94
Q

Describe the dentition of herbivores

A

Hypsodont - high crown
adapted dentition of cheek teeth (molars and premolars) - flat surfaced and folded enamel
Grinding
Continuous eruption/growth to match wear

95
Q

Describe bovidae dentition

A

Selenodont and hypsodont
Folded enamel creates multiple grinding edges
Teeth are moved sideways during chewing
Incisors and canines are brachyodont
Have no upper incisors or canines (have a dental pad instead)

96
Q

What is the basic dental formulae for horses and when may it differ?

A
97
Q

How can a horses lower incisors be used to find its age?

A

Hypsodont - erupt throughout life - can work out age by cross section due to wear

Can also use eruption ages:
2.5 yrs - x01 erupts
3.5yrs - x02 erupts
4.5yrs x03 erupts

98
Q

What are tushes?

A

equine canine teeth
can get them in stallions and geldings (rare in mares)
Brachydont

99
Q

What are wolf teeth?

A

first PM of upper jaw in horses (rarely get first PM of lower jaw)
Redundant regressed teeth
appear at 3-5yrs
if small can wobble and interfere with bit (get removed)
if large then quite stable

100
Q

Describe the structure of equine premolars and molars

A

Lophodont
Folded enamel creates multiple grinding edges
teeth are moves sideways for chewing

101
Q

clinical relevance of premolar and molar eruption times in horses

A

PM4 erupts last and has to erupt inbetween M1 and PM3 so may become impacted

102
Q

Describe the dentition of lagomorphs (rabbits and hares)

A

All teeth elodont (grow continually)
Shed deciduous teeth at birth
4 incisors in maxilla

103
Q

Describe the dentition of rodentia (rats, mice, beavers)

A

elondont incisors
brachydont PM+M
2 incisors in maxilla

104
Q

Describe pig dentition

A

bunudont - low, rounded cusps
cusps covered with enamel
food trapped between occlusal faces and crushed (not much grinding)
Incisors point forwards to aid digging
Piglet teeth clipped 2-3 days old
Elodont canines
Have the max number of teeth for mammals

Jorge GIL (99 decks)

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