GI parasites Flashcards
Describe Haemoconchus contortus
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Importance
Species: sheep, goats
Type: nematode
Location: abomasum
clinical signs:
- anaemia
- diarrhoea
- weight gain
- bottle jaw
Diagnosis:
- McMaster egg count
- Necropsy (eggs & red haemorrhagic surface of abomasum)
- FAMCHA (assesses degree of anaemia)
Treatment:
- Benzimidazoles
- Levamisole
Importance:
- warm & dry climates
- resistant to anthelmintics
- eggs very hardy
- spring rise
Describe trichostrongylus Axei
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Treatment
Type: nematode
Species: ruminants, horses grazed with cattle
Location: abomasum
clinical signs:
- reduced appetite
- diarrhoea
- hypoalbuminaemia
- severse gastroenteritis
Treatment:
- Avermectins
Describe Teladorsagia circumcinta
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Type: nematode
Species: sheep
Location: abomasum
clinical signs:
- weight loss
- decreased coat production
- death
Describe Nematodirus battus
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Importance
Prevention
Type: nematode
Species: sheep
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- weight loss
- diarrhoea
- dehydration (developing larvae damage villi & erode mucosa)
- sudden death in recently weaned lambs
Importance:
- usually seen in May/June
- Infection associated with recently weaned lambs
Prevention:
- consider weather when forecasting problems
- dose ewes prior to lambing
- rotational grazing
Describe Trichostrongylus Colubriformis
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Type: nematode
Species: sheep, cows
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- diarrhoea
- parasitic gastroenteritis
- enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes (may cause Bottle jaw)
Describe Cooperia Punctata
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Type: nematode
Species: sheep, cows
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- diarrhoea
- anorexia
- emaciation
Describe Toxocaris Leonina
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Type: nematode
Species: cats & dogs (common in kennels)
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- rare
Describe Eimeria Spp.
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Treatment & management
Diagnosis
Type: coccidia
Species: sheep, cows
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- adults are asymptomatic sources of infection to young animals
- diarrhoea
- dehydration
- poor growth
- death
Treatment & management:
- ciccidiostats, coccidiocides
- biosecurity
- disinfection
- rotation of pasture
- ensure colostrum intake
Diagnosis:
- look for oocytes in faeces
Describe Trichuris Ovis (whipworm)
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Type: nematode
Species: sheep & cattle
Location: large intestine
clinical signs:
- rectal prolapse
- anaemia
- affects young animals
Diagnosis:
- faecal flotation
- complete blood count
- endoscopy
- necropsy
Treatment:
- benzimidazoles
- Levamisole
- cleaning & disinfection
Describe Oesophagostomum Columbianum
Type
Species
Location
clinical signs
Treatment
Morphology
Type: nematode
Species: sheep, cows
Location: large intestine
clinical signs:
- heavy infection causes severe disease in lambs
* failure to thrive
* scouring
* weakness
& loss of production
- calves:
* anorexia
* weight loss
* diarrhoea
* anaemia
Treatment:
- Levamisole
- Triclabendazole
Describe Fasciola Hepatica
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: trematode
Species: sheep, cows
Location: liver
clinical signs:
- acute: liver damage including haemorrhage
- sub-acute: poor BCS, poor fleece, depression, inappetence, unable to stand
- chronic: very poor BCS, bottle jaw, death during lambing
Diagnosis:
- faecal egg count
Treatment & management:
- Triclabendazole
- isolate & treat animals
- fence off wet areas
- increase soil drainage
Describe Fascioloides Magna
Type
Species
Location
Diagnosis
Treatment
Type: trematode
Species: Deer!, sheep, goats, cattle, camelids
Location: liver
Diagnosis:
- McMaster
- necropsy
- ELISA
Treatment:
- Triclabendazole
- Albendazole
- Levamisole
- Praziquantel
Describe Fasciola Gigantica
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
Type: trematode
Species: buffalo
Location: liver
Describe Dicroceolium Dendriticum
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Species: sheep, cows
Location: liver
clinical signs:
- anaemia
- oedema
- liver fibrosis
- hepatic damage
Describe Cysticercus Tenuicollis
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Species: sheep (cystic stage) (adults in dogs)
Location: liver
clinical signs:
- depression & weakness
- liver damage & peritonitis (young animals)
Describe Ostertagia Ostertagi
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: Cows
Location: abomasum
clinical signs:
- gastric glands destroyed (cobblestone lesions)
- HCl not produced –> maldigestion, constipation
- bottle jaw
- anaemia
- weight loss
Diagnosis:
- McMaster
- Faecal egg count
- necropsy
Treatment & management:
- Ivermectin
- frequent drenching around calving & during 1st grazing season
- lower stock density
Describe Taenia Saginata
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: Cestode
Species: cows (intermediate host), humans (final host)
Location: small intestine
Diagnosis:
- Faecal egg counts
Treatment & management:
- Praziquantel
- cook meat thoroughly
- meat inspection
Describe Cryptosporidium spp.
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Species: humans (zoonotic), calves, lambs, goats
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- diarrhoea
Diagnosis:
- microscopy
- ELISA
- oocytes in environment
Treatment & management:
- no treatment
- clean troughs & feeders
- isolate & treat infected animals with anti-cryptosoridial drugs & supportive treatment to manage dehydration
- good hygiene
- biosecurity
Describe Oesophagostomum Radiatum
Type
Species
Location
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: cows
Location: large intestine
clinical signs:
- young animals:
* severe
* anorexia
* anaemia
* oedema
* dark diarrhoea (blood)
* weight loss
* death
- adults:
* strong protective immunity causes nodule formation which form granulomas
Diagnosis:
- eggs in faeces
- necropsy (nodules seen)
Treatment & management:
- common wormers (e.g. Oxfendazole)
Describe Oesophagostomum Dentatum & O. Quadrisppinulatum
Type
Species
Location
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: pigs
Location: large intestine
clinical signs:
- weight loss
- oedema (pot belly)
Diagnosis:
- FEC
- nodules on necropsy
Treatment & management:
- Ivermectin
Describe O. venulosum
Describe Gasterophilus spp.
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
L3 characteristics
Type: arthropod
Species: horses
Location: stomach
Clinical signs:
- rarely cause disease
- mild chronic gastritis
- poor performance & colic
- associated with ulcers
Diagnosis:
- gastroscopy
Treatment & management:
- bot knife/topical insecticide to remove eggs from legs
- wormers (Ivermectin & Moxidecin)
L3 characteristics:
- 2cm, cylindrical rows of spikes
- mouthpieces have 2 strong hooks –> damage mucosa
- pupae killed by frost & moisture
Describe Habronema spp.
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: horse
Location: stomach
clinical signs:
- summer sores
- conjunctivitis
Diagnosis:
- gastroscopy
Treatment & management:
- fly control & much heap management
- regular mucking out
- cover wounds
- treat ocular discharge
- routine worming (Avermectins)
Describe Parascaris Equorum
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Type: ascarid
Species: horse
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- coughing + nasal discharge
- poor coat
- weight loss
- dull
anorexic
- disorders of bone & tendon (parasites consume Ca, P, Zn & Cu)
Diagnosis:
- repeated FEC
- endoscope to duodenum
- tracheal wash
Treatment:
- Benzimidazoles
Prevention:
- deworm mares before foaling
- regular stall cleaning
- young animal paddock rotation
Describe Strongyloides Westeri
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: horse (mainly foals)
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- diarrhoea
Diagnosis:
- FEC
Treatment & management:
- poo picking, good hygiene
- anthelmintics on day of parturition
* Benzimidazoles & Avermectins
Describe Anoplocephala Perfoliata
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: cestode
Species: horse
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- colic
- motility disorders
- diarrhoea
Diagnosis:
- serology + ELISA
Treatment & management:
- Pyrantel
- Praziquantel
Describe Oxyuris Equi
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: horse
Location: large intestine/caecum
clinical signs:
- itching/scratching against hard objects –> severe anal pruritus
Diagnosis:
- eggs collected via sellotape on bum
Treatment & management:
- all anthelmintics effective
- topical anti-inflammation for pruritus
- stable hygiene
Describe Strongylus Edentatus
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: horse
Location: large intestine/caecum
clinical signs:
- colic due to liver disease/peritonitis
Diagnosis:
- May be able to palpate thrombi in cranial mesenteric a. rectally
Treatment & management:
- Benzimidazoles & avermectins (larvae & adults)
- Pyrantel (adults)
- very sensitive to ivermectin
- avoid overgrazing
- rotate pasture & pick up faeces
Describe Strongylus Equinus
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: horse
Location: large intestine/caecum
clinical signs:
- mild colic
Diagnosis:
- May be able to palpate thrombi in cranial mesenteric a. rectally
Treatment & management:
- Benzimidazoles & avermectins (larvae & adults)
- Pyrantel (adults)
- very sensitive to ivermectin
- avoid overgrazing
- rotate pasture & pick up faeces
Describe Strongylus Vulgaris
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: horse
Location: large intestine/caecum
clinical signs:
- Verminous arteritis & surgical colic
- ischaemia, anorexia
- fatal
- formation of thrombi can cause lameness & poor performance
Diagnosis:
- May be able to palpate thrombi in cranial mesenteric a. rectally
Treatment & management:
- Benzimidazoles & avermectins (larvae & adults)
- Pyrantel (adults)
- very sensitive to ivermectin
- avoid overgrazing
- rotate pasture & pick up faeces
Describe Cyathostomes
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: horse
Location: large intestine/caecum
clinical signs:
- severe acute colic
- weight loss
- diarrhoea
- death
Treatment & management:
- larvae unaffected by anthelmintics
- intensive care for animals with acute Cyathostomes
* steroids
Moxidexin, Ivermectin & fenbendazole
- poo-picking
- separate horses by age
- rotate pasture
Describe Toxocara canis & cati
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
Type: nematode
Species: dogs & cats
Location: small intestine
Describe Ancylostoma Caninum & A. Tubaformae
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
Type: nematode
Species: dogs & cats
Location: small intestine
Describe Uncinaria Stenocephala
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Type: nematode
Species: dogs
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- rare
- diarrhoea
- dermatitis
Describe Taenia Spp.
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Type: cestode
Species: cats & dogs
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- perineal irritation
- licking, chewing
- scooting
- “rice grains” in faeces
What are the intermediate hosts in the following & what symptoms do they cause:
T. ovis
T. multiceps
T. Hydatigena
T. serialis
T. Pisiformis
Describe Dipylidium Caninum
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
Type: cestode
Species: dog & cat
Location: small intestine
Describe Heterophyes Heterophyes
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Type: trematode
Species: dog, cat, human, bird
- infection via contaminated fish
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- anaemia
Describe Neospora Caninum
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Prevention
Type: protozoa
Species: dogs
- cattle intermediate host
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- usually asymptomatic
- muscle/neurological disease associated with tissue cysts
- abortion in cattle
Diagnosis:
- necropsy of foetus (cattle abortion)
- PCR
Prevention:
- don’t allow dog to eat placenta/raw beef or poo in fields
Describe trichuris Vulpis
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Type: nematode
Species: dogs, humans, sheep
Location: large intestine
clinical signs:
- Inflammatory bowel disease (humans)
- death
Diagnosis:
- FEC
- necropsy
Treatment:
- fenbendazole
Describe Capillaria Hepatica
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Type: nematode
Species: brown rats!, cats, horses, rabbits, mice, humans
- reservoir: rodents & Lagomorphs
- transport host: dogs
Location: liver
clinical signs:
- hepatomegaly/fibrosis
Diagnosis:
- adults/eggs in liver tissue at biopsy/necropsy
Describe Enchinococcus spp.
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: cestode
Species: dogs
- humans & sheep are intermediate hosts
Location: liver
clinical signs:
- none
Diagnosis:
- ELISA
- adults flushed from intestine
- MRI & CT in humans
Treatment & management:
- dogs:
* praziquantel
* reduce sheep carcass contact
* don’t allow dog to lick your face
- humans:
* no effective treatment apart from removing cyst
* course of Albendazole
Describe Echinococcus Multilocularis
Type
Species
Location
clinical signs
Treatment
Type: cestode
Species: Dogs, cats, fox
- rodents intermediate host
Location: liver
clinical signs:
- cysts
Treatment:
- Praziquantel
Describe Toxoplasma Gondii
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Treatment & management
Type: protozoa
Species: cats
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- abortion
- neurological disease
- chronic inflammation
- eye lesions
Treatment & management:
- vaccine for sheep
- Pregnant humans: avoid litter trays, lambing sheep & cook meat thoroughly when
Describe Opisthorchis spp.
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Type: trematode
Species: cats!, dogs, humans
Location: liver
clinical signs:
- abdominal pain
- diarrhoea or constipation
Diagnosis:
- eggs in faeces via McMaster
- plasma enzymes
- necropsy
- ELISA
Treatment:
- common Flukicides (Triclbendazole, Albendazole, Levamisole, Praziquantel)
Describe Ascaris Suum
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: pig
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- milk spots on liver
- fibrosis
- liver & intestine condemned
- secondary infections
- coughing (due to migration to heart & lungs)
Diagnosis:
- FEC via McMaster
- necropsy
Treatment & management:
- Anthelmintics (Avermectins & Benzimidazoles)
- regular pen cleaning, stock density
- faecal screen every 6 months
Describe Taenia Solium
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Type: cestode
Species:
- final host = humans
- intermediate host = pig, wild boar
Location: small intestine
clinical signs in humans:
- vision impairment/blindness
- seizures
- death
- neurological deficits
Describe Strongyloides Ransomi
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: pigs
Location: small intestine
clinical signs in piglets:
- joint pain
- coughing
- bloody diarrhoea
- anaemia
- failure to thrive
- death
Treatment & management:
- clean, dry farrowing house
- outdoor pigs: Ivermectin before farrowing
- indoor/outdoor pigs: fenbendazole before farrowing
Describe Isospora Suis
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Treatment
Type: coccidian
Species: pigs
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- diarrhoea
- neonatal coccidiosis
- decreased growth rate
- pigs become hairy
Treatment:
- Baycox 5% (Toltrazuril)
Describe Trichuris Suis
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Treatment
Type: nematode
Species: pigs
Location: large intestine/caecum
clinical signs piglets:
- weight loss
- bloody diarrhoea
- anaemia
- light infection in adults is usually severe
* bloody, muco-haemorrhagic colitis, leading to pseudonecrotic membranes (thickened intestine)
Treatment:
- Benzimidazoles/levamisole
- thorough cleaning & disinfection
Describe Oesophogostomum spp.
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Type: nematode
Species: pigs
Location: large intestine/caecum
clinical signs:
- only in heavy infection
- weight loss
- oedema
Diagnosis:
- FEC
- nodules on necropsy
Treatment:
- Ivermectin
Describe Trichostrongylus Tenuis
type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Control
Type: nematode
Species: chickens, guinea fowl, pheasant, Red Grouse etc.
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- chicks very susceptible
- sudden death in young birds
Control:
- Fenbendazole incorporated into grit
Describe Ascarid spp.
Type
Species
Location
Type: nematode
Species: poultry
Location: small intestine
Describe Capillaria spp.
C. Obsignata, C. caudinflata, C. Contorta
species, location & lifecycle
Name poultry tapeworms & location
Amoebotaenia Sphenoides
- small intestine
Choanotaenia Infundibulum
- small intestine
Davainea proglottina
- duodenum
Diphyllobothrium latum
Describe Trichomonas Gallinae
Describe Spironucleus spp.
Causes, transmission, control and treatment
Describe Histomonas Meleagridis
Describe Eimera & Isospora spp.
Label the cestode
Define hypobiosis
arrested stage of development in some larvae
Name examples of parasites in which hypobiosis can occur
Ostertagia ostertagi
Teladorsagia circumcinta
Cooperia species
Haemonchus contortus
What triggers hypobiosis
Temperature & moisture (seasonal)
Why do some parasites undergo hypobiosis
What is Baermann’s technique
What species is this
(use larval identification key - jorge just text me for it)
What species is this
(use larval identification key - jorge just text me for it)
What species is this
(use larval identification key - jorge just text me for it)
What species is this
(use larval identification key - jorge just text me for it)
What species is this
(use larval identification key - jorge just text me for it)
Describe direct faecal smear
Describe faecal sedimentation
Describe simple faecal flotation
Describe larval culture
