GI parasites Flashcards
Describe Haemoconchus contortus
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Importance
Species: sheep, goats
Type: nematode
Location: abomasum
clinical signs:
- anaemia
- diarrhoea
- weight gain
- bottle jaw
Diagnosis:
- McMaster egg count
- Necropsy (eggs & red haemorrhagic surface of abomasum)
- FAMCHA (assesses degree of anaemia)
Treatment:
- Benzimidazoles
- Levamisole
Importance:
- warm & dry climates
- resistant to anthelmintics
- eggs very hardy
- spring rise
Describe trichostrongylus Axei
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Treatment
Type: nematode
Species: ruminants, horses grazed with cattle
Location: abomasum
clinical signs:
- reduced appetite
- diarrhoea
- hypoalbuminaemia
- severse gastroenteritis
Treatment:
- Avermectins
Describe Teladorsagia circumcinta
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Type: nematode
Species: sheep
Location: abomasum
clinical signs:
- weight loss
- decreased coat production
- death
Describe Nematodirus battus
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Importance
Prevention
Type: nematode
Species: sheep
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- weight loss
- diarrhoea
- dehydration (developing larvae damage villi & erode mucosa)
- sudden death in recently weaned lambs
Importance:
- usually seen in May/June
- Infection associated with recently weaned lambs
Prevention:
- consider weather when forecasting problems
- dose ewes prior to lambing
- rotational grazing
Describe Trichostrongylus Colubriformis
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Type: nematode
Species: sheep, cows
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- diarrhoea
- parasitic gastroenteritis
- enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes (may cause Bottle jaw)
Describe Cooperia Punctata
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Type: nematode
Species: sheep, cows
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- diarrhoea
- anorexia
- emaciation
Describe Toxocaris Leonina
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Type: nematode
Species: cats & dogs (common in kennels)
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- rare
Describe Eimeria Spp.
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Treatment & management
Diagnosis
Type: coccidia
Species: sheep, cows
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- adults are asymptomatic sources of infection to young animals
- diarrhoea
- dehydration
- poor growth
- death
Treatment & management:
- ciccidiostats, coccidiocides
- biosecurity
- disinfection
- rotation of pasture
- ensure colostrum intake
Diagnosis:
- look for oocytes in faeces
Describe Trichuris Ovis (whipworm)
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Type: nematode
Species: sheep & cattle
Location: large intestine
clinical signs:
- rectal prolapse
- anaemia
- affects young animals
Diagnosis:
- faecal flotation
- complete blood count
- endoscopy
- necropsy
Treatment:
- benzimidazoles
- Levamisole
- cleaning & disinfection
Describe Oesophagostomum Columbianum
Type
Species
Location
clinical signs
Treatment
Morphology
Type: nematode
Species: sheep, cows
Location: large intestine
clinical signs:
- heavy infection causes severe disease in lambs
* failure to thrive
* scouring
* weakness
& loss of production
- calves:
* anorexia
* weight loss
* diarrhoea
* anaemia
Treatment:
- Levamisole
- Triclabendazole
Describe Fasciola Hepatica
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: trematode
Species: sheep, cows
Location: liver
clinical signs:
- acute: liver damage including haemorrhage
- sub-acute: poor BCS, poor fleece, depression, inappetence, unable to stand
- chronic: very poor BCS, bottle jaw, death during lambing
Diagnosis:
- faecal egg count
Treatment & management:
- Triclabendazole
- isolate & treat animals
- fence off wet areas
- increase soil drainage
Describe Fascioloides Magna
Type
Species
Location
Diagnosis
Treatment
Type: trematode
Species: Deer!, sheep, goats, cattle, camelids
Location: liver
Diagnosis:
- McMaster
- necropsy
- ELISA
Treatment:
- Triclabendazole
- Albendazole
- Levamisole
- Praziquantel
Describe Fasciola Gigantica
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
Type: trematode
Species: buffalo
Location: liver
Describe Dicroceolium Dendriticum
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Species: sheep, cows
Location: liver
clinical signs:
- anaemia
- oedema
- liver fibrosis
- hepatic damage
Describe Cysticercus Tenuicollis
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Species: sheep (cystic stage) (adults in dogs)
Location: liver
clinical signs:
- depression & weakness
- liver damage & peritonitis (young animals)
Describe Ostertagia Ostertagi
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: Cows
Location: abomasum
clinical signs:
- gastric glands destroyed (cobblestone lesions)
- HCl not produced –> maldigestion, constipation
- bottle jaw
- anaemia
- weight loss
Diagnosis:
- McMaster
- Faecal egg count
- necropsy
Treatment & management:
- Ivermectin
- frequent drenching around calving & during 1st grazing season
- lower stock density
Describe Taenia Saginata
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: Cestode
Species: cows (intermediate host), humans (final host)
Location: small intestine
Diagnosis:
- Faecal egg counts
Treatment & management:
- Praziquantel
- cook meat thoroughly
- meat inspection
Describe Cryptosporidium spp.
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Species: humans (zoonotic), calves, lambs, goats
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- diarrhoea
Diagnosis:
- microscopy
- ELISA
- oocytes in environment
Treatment & management:
- no treatment
- clean troughs & feeders
- isolate & treat infected animals with anti-cryptosoridial drugs & supportive treatment to manage dehydration
- good hygiene
- biosecurity
Describe Oesophagostomum Radiatum
Type
Species
Location
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: cows
Location: large intestine
clinical signs:
- young animals:
* severe
* anorexia
* anaemia
* oedema
* dark diarrhoea (blood)
* weight loss
* death
- adults:
* strong protective immunity causes nodule formation which form granulomas
Diagnosis:
- eggs in faeces
- necropsy (nodules seen)
Treatment & management:
- common wormers (e.g. Oxfendazole)
Describe Oesophagostomum Dentatum & O. Quadrisppinulatum
Type
Species
Location
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: pigs
Location: large intestine
clinical signs:
- weight loss
- oedema (pot belly)
Diagnosis:
- FEC
- nodules on necropsy
Treatment & management:
- Ivermectin
Describe O. venulosum
Describe Gasterophilus spp.
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
L3 characteristics
Type: arthropod
Species: horses
Location: stomach
Clinical signs:
- rarely cause disease
- mild chronic gastritis
- poor performance & colic
- associated with ulcers
Diagnosis:
- gastroscopy
Treatment & management:
- bot knife/topical insecticide to remove eggs from legs
- wormers (Ivermectin & Moxidecin)
L3 characteristics:
- 2cm, cylindrical rows of spikes
- mouthpieces have 2 strong hooks –> damage mucosa
- pupae killed by frost & moisture
Describe Habronema spp.
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: horse
Location: stomach
clinical signs:
- summer sores
- conjunctivitis
Diagnosis:
- gastroscopy
Treatment & management:
- fly control & much heap management
- regular mucking out
- cover wounds
- treat ocular discharge
- routine worming (Avermectins)
Describe Parascaris Equorum
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Type: ascarid
Species: horse
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- coughing + nasal discharge
- poor coat
- weight loss
- dull
anorexic
- disorders of bone & tendon (parasites consume Ca, P, Zn & Cu)
Diagnosis:
- repeated FEC
- endoscope to duodenum
- tracheal wash
Treatment:
- Benzimidazoles
Prevention:
- deworm mares before foaling
- regular stall cleaning
- young animal paddock rotation
Describe Strongyloides Westeri
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: horse (mainly foals)
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- diarrhoea
Diagnosis:
- FEC
Treatment & management:
- poo picking, good hygiene
- anthelmintics on day of parturition
* Benzimidazoles & Avermectins
Describe Anoplocephala Perfoliata
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: cestode
Species: horse
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- colic
- motility disorders
- diarrhoea
Diagnosis:
- serology + ELISA
Treatment & management:
- Pyrantel
- Praziquantel
Describe Oxyuris Equi
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: horse
Location: large intestine/caecum
clinical signs:
- itching/scratching against hard objects –> severe anal pruritus
Diagnosis:
- eggs collected via sellotape on bum
Treatment & management:
- all anthelmintics effective
- topical anti-inflammation for pruritus
- stable hygiene
Describe Strongylus Edentatus
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: horse
Location: large intestine/caecum
clinical signs:
- colic due to liver disease/peritonitis
Diagnosis:
- May be able to palpate thrombi in cranial mesenteric a. rectally
Treatment & management:
- Benzimidazoles & avermectins (larvae & adults)
- Pyrantel (adults)
- very sensitive to ivermectin
- avoid overgrazing
- rotate pasture & pick up faeces
Describe Strongylus Equinus
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: horse
Location: large intestine/caecum
clinical signs:
- mild colic
Diagnosis:
- May be able to palpate thrombi in cranial mesenteric a. rectally
Treatment & management:
- Benzimidazoles & avermectins (larvae & adults)
- Pyrantel (adults)
- very sensitive to ivermectin
- avoid overgrazing
- rotate pasture & pick up faeces
Describe Strongylus Vulgaris
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: horse
Location: large intestine/caecum
clinical signs:
- Verminous arteritis & surgical colic
- ischaemia, anorexia
- fatal
- formation of thrombi can cause lameness & poor performance
Diagnosis:
- May be able to palpate thrombi in cranial mesenteric a. rectally
Treatment & management:
- Benzimidazoles & avermectins (larvae & adults)
- Pyrantel (adults)
- very sensitive to ivermectin
- avoid overgrazing
- rotate pasture & pick up faeces
Describe Cyathostomes
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: horse
Location: large intestine/caecum
clinical signs:
- severe acute colic
- weight loss
- diarrhoea
- death
Treatment & management:
- larvae unaffected by anthelmintics
- intensive care for animals with acute Cyathostomes
* steroids
Moxidexin, Ivermectin & fenbendazole
- poo-picking
- separate horses by age
- rotate pasture
Describe Toxocara canis & cati
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
Type: nematode
Species: dogs & cats
Location: small intestine
Describe Ancylostoma Caninum & A. Tubaformae
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
Type: nematode
Species: dogs & cats
Location: small intestine
Describe Uncinaria Stenocephala
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Type: nematode
Species: dogs
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- rare
- diarrhoea
- dermatitis
Describe Taenia Spp.
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Type: cestode
Species: cats & dogs
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- perineal irritation
- licking, chewing
- scooting
- “rice grains” in faeces
What are the intermediate hosts in the following & what symptoms do they cause:
T. ovis
T. multiceps
T. Hydatigena
T. serialis
T. Pisiformis
Describe Dipylidium Caninum
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
Type: cestode
Species: dog & cat
Location: small intestine
Describe Heterophyes Heterophyes
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Type: trematode
Species: dog, cat, human, bird
- infection via contaminated fish
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- anaemia
Describe Neospora Caninum
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Prevention
Type: protozoa
Species: dogs
- cattle intermediate host
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- usually asymptomatic
- muscle/neurological disease associated with tissue cysts
- abortion in cattle
Diagnosis:
- necropsy of foetus (cattle abortion)
- PCR
Prevention:
- don’t allow dog to eat placenta/raw beef or poo in fields
Describe trichuris Vulpis
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Type: nematode
Species: dogs, humans, sheep
Location: large intestine
clinical signs:
- Inflammatory bowel disease (humans)
- death
Diagnosis:
- FEC
- necropsy
Treatment:
- fenbendazole
Describe Capillaria Hepatica
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Type: nematode
Species: brown rats!, cats, horses, rabbits, mice, humans
- reservoir: rodents & Lagomorphs
- transport host: dogs
Location: liver
clinical signs:
- hepatomegaly/fibrosis
Diagnosis:
- adults/eggs in liver tissue at biopsy/necropsy
Describe Enchinococcus spp.
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: cestode
Species: dogs
- humans & sheep are intermediate hosts
Location: liver
clinical signs:
- none
Diagnosis:
- ELISA
- adults flushed from intestine
- MRI & CT in humans
Treatment & management:
- dogs:
* praziquantel
* reduce sheep carcass contact
* don’t allow dog to lick your face
- humans:
* no effective treatment apart from removing cyst
* course of Albendazole
Describe Echinococcus Multilocularis
Type
Species
Location
clinical signs
Treatment
Type: cestode
Species: Dogs, cats, fox
- rodents intermediate host
Location: liver
clinical signs:
- cysts
Treatment:
- Praziquantel
Describe Toxoplasma Gondii
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Treatment & management
Type: protozoa
Species: cats
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- abortion
- neurological disease
- chronic inflammation
- eye lesions
Treatment & management:
- vaccine for sheep
- Pregnant humans: avoid litter trays, lambing sheep & cook meat thoroughly when
Describe Opisthorchis spp.
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Type: trematode
Species: cats!, dogs, humans
Location: liver
clinical signs:
- abdominal pain
- diarrhoea or constipation
Diagnosis:
- eggs in faeces via McMaster
- plasma enzymes
- necropsy
- ELISA
Treatment:
- common Flukicides (Triclbendazole, Albendazole, Levamisole, Praziquantel)
Describe Ascaris Suum
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: pig
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- milk spots on liver
- fibrosis
- liver & intestine condemned
- secondary infections
- coughing (due to migration to heart & lungs)
Diagnosis:
- FEC via McMaster
- necropsy
Treatment & management:
- Anthelmintics (Avermectins & Benzimidazoles)
- regular pen cleaning, stock density
- faecal screen every 6 months
Describe Taenia Solium
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Type: cestode
Species:
- final host = humans
- intermediate host = pig, wild boar
Location: small intestine
clinical signs in humans:
- vision impairment/blindness
- seizures
- death
- neurological deficits
Describe Strongyloides Ransomi
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Treatment & management
Type: nematode
Species: pigs
Location: small intestine
clinical signs in piglets:
- joint pain
- coughing
- bloody diarrhoea
- anaemia
- failure to thrive
- death
Treatment & management:
- clean, dry farrowing house
- outdoor pigs: Ivermectin before farrowing
- indoor/outdoor pigs: fenbendazole before farrowing
Describe Isospora Suis
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Treatment
Type: coccidian
Species: pigs
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- diarrhoea
- neonatal coccidiosis
- decreased growth rate
- pigs become hairy
Treatment:
- Baycox 5% (Toltrazuril)
Describe Trichuris Suis
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Treatment
Type: nematode
Species: pigs
Location: large intestine/caecum
clinical signs piglets:
- weight loss
- bloody diarrhoea
- anaemia
- light infection in adults is usually severe
* bloody, muco-haemorrhagic colitis, leading to pseudonecrotic membranes (thickened intestine)
Treatment:
- Benzimidazoles/levamisole
- thorough cleaning & disinfection
Describe Oesophogostomum spp.
Type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Type: nematode
Species: pigs
Location: large intestine/caecum
clinical signs:
- only in heavy infection
- weight loss
- oedema
Diagnosis:
- FEC
- nodules on necropsy
Treatment:
- Ivermectin
Describe Trichostrongylus Tenuis
type
Species
Location
Lifecycle
clinical signs
Control
Type: nematode
Species: chickens, guinea fowl, pheasant, Red Grouse etc.
Location: small intestine
clinical signs:
- chicks very susceptible
- sudden death in young birds
Control:
- Fenbendazole incorporated into grit
Describe Capillaria spp.
C. Obsignata, C. caudinflata, C. Contorta
species, location & lifecycle
Describe Trichomonas Gallinae
Describe Spironucleus spp.
Causes, transmission, control and treatment
Describe Histomonas Meleagridis
Describe Eimera & Isospora spp.
Label the cestode
Why do some parasites undergo hypobiosis
What is Baermann’s technique
What species is this
(use larval identification key - jorge just text me for it)
What species is this
(use larval identification key - jorge just text me for it)
What species is this
(use larval identification key - jorge just text me for it)
What species is this
(use larval identification key - jorge just text me for it)
What species is this
(use larval identification key - jorge just text me for it)
Describe direct faecal smear
Describe faecal sedimentation
Describe simple faecal flotation
Describe larval culture
