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Jorge GIL > Liver anatomy and histology > Flashcards

Liver anatomy and histology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the blood supply to the liver

A

Double blood supply:
- hepatic artery - 30%, rich in oxygen
- hepatic portal vein - 70%, rich in nutrients, poor in oxygen

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2
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the double blood supply to the liver

A

Liver has limited oxygen supply as most is supplied via hepatic portal vein
Stress can cause liver to become anoxic

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3
Q

Describe the regeneration of the liver when cell death is ongoing

A

Liver is very good at regenerating - not good in this case
Mixture of scar tissue and regenerating cells distorts the architecture
Abnormal architecture damages blood flow and therefore function and more cells die
Creates a cycle of death/scarring/regeneration = Cirrhosis

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4
Q

Describe the regeneration of the liver where lobe has been removed

A

Liver is very good at regenerating so the same original mass will return (will not look the same)

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5
Q

Describe the histology of the liver

A

Hepatic parenchyma - functional part of liver
Principal cell = hepatocyte
Hepatic stroma = structural tissue of liver

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6
Q

Describe the histology of the hepatic stroma

A

Thin fibres of connective tissue (reticulin fibres + collagen type III) forms thin layer => ‘floppy’

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7
Q

Label the histology of the liver

A
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8
Q

Describe the anatomy of a classic liver lobule?

A

hepatocytes are organised in radial cords with portal triads at each corner and a single central vein

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9
Q

Label the classic liver lobule

A
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10
Q

Describe the components of the portal tract/triad in classic liver lobules

A

Branch of hepatic artery
Branch of hepatic portal vein
Bile duct
Surrounded by connective tissue
Large triads also contain lymphatic vessels and autonomic nerves
Limiting plate: discontinuous border of hepatocytes forms outer boundary

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11
Q

What is a hepatic sinusoid

A

fenestrated blood vessels running along the plates of hepatocytes
Portal vein blood and hepatic artery blood mix here

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12
Q

What is the function of the central vein in a classic liver lobule?

A

receive blood from sinusoids and return it to circulation via hepatic vein

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13
Q

Label this portal tract/triad

A
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14
Q

Label this liver lobule

A
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15
Q

What are the cell types found in the liver?

A

Hepatocytes
Endothelial cells
Kupffer cells (sinusoidal macrophages)
Hepatic stellate cells/ Ito cells

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16
Q

Label the cells of the liver lobule

A
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17
Q

Label the cells of the liver lobule

A
18
Q

Describe the morphology and function of kupffer cells

A

macrophage-like
defend against vascular carrer pathogens and remove debris

18
Q

Describe the morphology and function of hepatocyes

A

Polyhedral with round nucleus and prominent nucleolus
Metabolise and store materials absorbed from the SI, and secrete bile

19
Q

Describe the morphology and function of Ito cells in the liver

A

Contain big intracytoplasmatic vacuoles
Involved in tissue fibrosis and in retinol metabolism (Store vitamin A)

20
Q

Label the cells of the liver sinusoids

A
21
Q

Label the cells of the liver sinusoid

A
22
Q

Label the cells of the liver sinusoid

A
23
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the hepatocyte?

A

contains main enzymes involved in detoxification (cytochrome P450)
Involved in lipid and glycogen metabolism

24
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes in the hepatocyte?

A

contains enzymes involved in detoxification e.g., catalase

25
Q

Describe the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the hepatocyte?

A

binds ribosomes engaged in translating mRNA to proteins
involved in protein and lipid modifications

26
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus in the hepatocyte?

A

associated with protein secretion (important for bile secretion)
involved in protein and lipid modification

27
Q

Label the organelles of the hepatocyte

A
28
Q

What is the role of mitochondria in hepatocytes?

A

aerobic supply of energy - ATP production

29
Q

What is the role of lysosymes in the hepatocytes

A

digestion of macromolecules

30
Q

What is the role of glycogen in the hepatocytes

A

Short-term storage of glucose
The liver is the main store of glycogen

31
Q

What is the function of lipid droplets in hepatocytes?

A

storage of esterified fatty acids

32
Q

What organelles can be found in hepatocytes?

A
33
Q

What is the biliary tree?

A

Biliary canaliculi (intercellular channels) formed between adjacent hepatocytes form a network => biliary tree
Canals of Hering drain into bile ducts of portal tracts

34
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

storage, concentration and release of bile - empties via the cystic duct into the duodenum
Bile => fat digestion and hepatic excretion

35
Q

Describe the histology of the gall bladder

A

fibromuscular sac lined with simple columnar epithelium with numerous folds when non-distended
No muscularis mucosae or submucosa

36
Q

Label the histology of the gall bladder

A
37
Q

Describe blood and bile flow in the liver lobule

A

Bile and blood flows are in opposite directions

38
Q

What is the difference between a classic liver lobule, portal lobule and hepatic acinus?

A

Portal lobule - triangular area centred on portal tract
Classic lobule - area centred on central vein, stresses the exocrine glandular function
Hepatic acinus - emphasises vascular supply to hepatic parenchyma and the direction of blood flow

39
Q

Label the different divisions of the hepatic parenchyma

A
40
Q

Describe the zones of the hepatic acinus

A

Zone 1 - closest to portal tract receives most oxygenated blood
Zone 3 - receives least oxygenated blood as is furthest away from portal tract
Zone 3 has a higher detoxification activity (e.g., cytochrome P450)

41
Q

What are the pathological implications within a hepatic acinus

A

Zone 3 heptatocytes are more susceptible to hypoxic injury and injury by toxic substances that are metabolically activated by cytochrome P450 = centrilobular necrosis
Zone 1 hepatocytes are more susceptible to direct-acting toxicants = perilobular necrosis

Jorge GIL (99 decks)

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