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Jorge GIL > Immunology refresher > Flashcards

Immunology refresher Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomy of lymph nodes

A

Lymphoid follicles in cortex
Sinuses in medulla

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2
Q

what is the role of lymph nodes?

A

Filter lymph
Immune surveillance
Activation of immune response
Antigen presentation
Production of antibodies
Removal of cellular debris
Transport of immune cells

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3
Q

Describe the function of the spleen

A

Filters and stored blood
Stores WBCs and platelets
Antigen presentation
Haematopoiesis

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4
Q

What is the role of tonsils in immunology?

A

first-line defence against ingested or inhaled pathogens

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5
Q

Describe the anatomy of tonsils that aids its immunological role

A

Crypts increases SA for more interaction between immune cells and pathogens

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6
Q

Describe the role of the thymus

A

T-cell maturation
Education and differentiation
Immunological memory

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7
Q

Describe the immunological role of bone marrow

A

Site of blood cell production including lymphocytes

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8
Q

Describe the immunological role of Peyer’s patches

A

GALT
Immune response in the GIT
Lymphoid nodules in submucosa of the SI

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9
Q

What are the components of the innate immune response?

A

phagocytes
Natural killer (NK) cells
Complement system
Inflammatory response
Cytokines

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10
Q

Describe the role of phagocytes in the innate immune response

A

Neutrophils: Engulf and digest pathogens.
Macrophages: Engulf pathogens, present antigens, and activate other immune cells.
Dendritic Cells: Capture and present antigens to activate adaptive immune responses.

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11
Q

What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the innate immune response

A

detect and destroy virus-infected cells

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12
Q

Describe the role of the complement system in the innate immune response

A

Complement proteins enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens.
Promote inflammation.

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13
Q

Describe the inflammatory response in innate immune response

A

Release of histamines and other chemicals to increase blood flow and attract immune cells.
Promotes phagocytosis and tissue repair

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14
Q

Describe the role of cytokines in the innate immune response

A

signalling molecules that regulate immune responses

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15
Q

What are the components of the adaptive immune response?

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Major histocompatability complex (MHC)
Regulatory T cells
Immunological memory
Cytokines

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16
Q

Describe the role of T cells in adaptive immunity

A

Helper T Cells (CD4+): Coordinate immune responses, activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+): Destroy infected or abnormal cells.

17
Q

Describe the role of B cells in adaptive immunity

A

Plasma Cells: Produce antibodies that bind to and neutralize pathogens.
Memory B Cells: “Remember” pathogens for faster response upon re-exposure.

18
Q

Describe the role of antibodies/immunoglobulins in adaptive immunity

A

Bind to pathogens, facilitating their destruction or neutralization.
Opsonization: Enhance phagocytosis by marking pathogens for engulfment.

19
Q

Describe the role of major histocompatability complexes (MHCs) in adaptive immunity

A

MHC1: Presents intra-cellular antigens to cytotoxic T cells.
MHC2: Presents extra-cellular antigens to helper T cells.

20
Q

Describe the role of regulatory T cells in adaptive immunity

A

Suppress immune responses to prevent excessive reactions or autoimmune responses.

21
Q

Describe immunological memory

A

Enhanced response upon re-exposure to a previously encountered pathogen.

22
Q

Describe the role of cytokines in adaptive immunity

A

Mediate communication between immune cells.
Regulate inflammation, immune cell activation, and differentiation.

23
Q

What are the different complement pathways

A

Antibody-dependent pathway: links innate and adaptive immunity
Alternative and lectin pathways (antibody-independent): activated directly by interaction with pathogen surface

24
Q

Explain the complement system pathway

A

Cascade activation of complement proteins => activation of C3 convertase (produced by liver)
C3 convertase => breaks into C3a and C3b
C3a => acts as a chemoattractant and anaphylotoxin (vasoldilation, activate smooth muscle cells, immune cells and increased fluids in tissue)
C3b => binds to microbial surfaces, tagging it for phagocytes with express complement receptors
Membrane attack complex (MAC) is end point => form pores in cell membranes => kills cell

25
Q

What are the key functions of cytokines?

A

Cell activation and differentiation
Inflammation
Immune cell recruitment

26
Q

What cells are APCs?

A

Dendritic Cells: capture, process and present antigens to activate T cells
Macrophages: engulf pathogens and present antigens
B cells: present antigens to T helper cells during activation of the adaptive immune response

27
Q

Describe the role of major histocompatability complexes in antigen presentation

A

MHC molecules = cell surface molecules that bind to antigens and transport them to cell surface
T cells recognise antigen-MHC complex => activates T cells

28
Q

Describe the process of T cell maturation

A
29
Q

Describe the process of B cell maturation

A
30
Q

How do naive T and b cells enter lymph nodes

A

Circulate in bloodstream
Enter lymph nodes via high endothelial venules
Initial interaction with endothelial cells through selectins
Chemokines induce expression of integrins on lymphocytes promoting adhesion to endothelial cells

31
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Naive lymphocytes squeeze through endothelial cells and basement membrane to enter lymph node

32
Q

What is the role of chemokines in the lymph nodes and naive lymphocytes?

A

guide the migration of naive lymphocytes towards specific areas within the lymph node

33
Q

Describe the activation of naive T cells in the lymph node

A

Naive T cells interact with dendritic cells that present antigens

34
Q

Describe the activation of naive B cells in the lymph node

A

naive B cells interact with follicular dendritic cells and encounter antigens

Jorge GIL (99 decks)

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