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Jorge GIL > Rumen anatomy > Flashcards

Rumen anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the ruminant stomach and their basic functions

A

Rumen - fermentation vat
Reticulum - part of rumen
Omasum - water absorption
Abomasum - true stomach

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2
Q

Why do ruminants have a rem-reticulum + omasum?

A

Mammals are unable to digest beta-lined polysaccharides (such as cellulose in plants)
The rumen-reticulum + omasum allow utilisation of microorganisms to digest cellulose and hemicellulose

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3
Q

What is the origin of the fore-stomachs of the ruminants

A

derived from gastric spindle

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4
Q

What is the lining of the forestomachs of ruminants

A

stratified keratinised epithelium

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5
Q

Why is surgery in ruminants performed on the LHS?

A

the rumen acts as a plug to prevent abdominal contents from escaping the body cavity

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6
Q

Where is the spleen attached in ruminants?

A

attached to rumen as greater curvature of the stomach has been lost embryologically

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

Describe the anatomy of the ruminant oesophagus

A

Large and distensible
Striated muscle along whole length
Insensitive mucosa
Heavily keratinised

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9
Q

Where does chock (oesophageal obstruction) occur most in ruminants?

A

close to pharynx at thoracic inlet

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10
Q

Describe the features of the reticulorumen

A

Watm
Moist
Anaerobic
pH ~6.5
Suitable environment for range of microorganisms

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11
Q

What is the product of fermentation in the reticulorumen

A

Volatile fatty acids (acetate, butyrate, propionate), CO2 and methane

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12
Q

What happens to the rumen if there is too much grain in diet?

A

causes rumen acidosis which kilkls off flora

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13
Q

What happens to fibrous feedstuffs in the reticulorumen

A

They remain long enough for complex carb digestion
Surface area of fibres is increased by initial chewing and ruminating
Long fibre particles are regurgitated and re-chewed

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14
Q

How often are reticulorumen contraction?

A

~3 every 2 mins

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15
Q

Label the rumen from the LHS

A
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16
Q

What is the anatomy and function of rumen papillae

A

Leaf shaped
Keratinised
Poorly developed in roof of dorsal sac
Increased surface area for flora and absorption

17
Q

How does diet affect the rumen papillae

A

Long fibres sit at top of rumen -> long papillae
Short fibres sit at bottom of rumen -> short fibre
Gas cap at top of rumen (no fibre) -> no papillae

18
Q

What stimulates growth rumen papillae?

A

High conc of VFAs
Long fibres

19
Q

Which section of the ruminant forstomach is this?

A

Rumen

20
Q

Describe the anatomy of the reticulum

A

Series of cells with smaller cells inside
Small conical papillea
Keratinised

21
Q

What part of the ruminant forestomach is this?

A

Reticulum

22
Q

How does feed quality affect rumination time?

A

Poor quality feed e.g., rough hay spends more time in the rumen - this is good for the rumen as ruminants are designed to be slow digesters
Grains - spend less time in rumen but leads to acidity problems

23
Q

What is the function of the omasum?

A

Still unclear:
- probably water absorption
- pumping ingesta from reticulum into abomasum

24
Q

Describe the anatomy and function of the omasum

A

Contains ~100 laminae covered with conical papillae -> huge SA
Laminae are 3 different sizes
Regular contractions squeeze material into recesses and progresses fluid forward
Water reabsorption

25
Q

Which part of the ruminant forestomach is this?

A

omasum

26
Q

Describe the anatomy of the abomasum of ruminants

A

large longitudinal rugae
columnar epithelium
essentially the same as a monogastric stomach

27
Q

What part of the ruminant is this

A

abomasum

28
Q

How does the neonatal ruminant digest milk?

A

Digested in the abomasum
Fundic glands produce renin which coagulates casein (milk protein) in acidic environments
The clot retains milk to allow complete digestion by pepsin

29
Q

How does milk bypass the reticulo-rumen in neonates?

A

The reticular groove contracts creating a tunnel between oesophagus and reticulo-omasal orifice
When relaxed the oesophagus empties into reticulo-rumen
Only functions when drinking milk

30
Q

What happen if the reticular groove fails?

A

Milk enters reticulo-rumen
Milk ferments and causes scour

31
Q

what is the reticular-groove reflex stimulated by and what is it poorly reactive to?

A

Stimulated by the vagus nerve due to:
- suckling milk/pharyngeal stimulation
- noises associated with the ‘feeding routine’
Poorly reactive to:
- drinking (hence bucket-fed calves are prone to scour
- stomach tubing

32
Q

Describe the development of the ruminant forstomach after birth

A
  • development after birth promoted by presence of forage in rumen as young animals start to eat solid food
  • rumen flora develops within a couple weeks and is functional by 6-8 weeks

Jorge GIL (99 decks)

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