Histology of the head and neck

Question 1

Describe the composition of protective mucosa in the oral cavity

Answer 1

• stratified squamous epithelium
• high wear areas are keratinized
• can have cornified ‘spikes’ (cats, herbivores)
• epithelium supported by dense collagenous tissue (lamina propria)

Question 2

What structure can be found in the submucosa of the oral cavity?

Answer 2

small salivary glands

Question 3

Describe the keratinisation of the lip

Answer 3

Outer part - keratinised to provide support and protection
Inner part (buccal) - also keratinised but less densely packed together

Question 4

Label this diagram of a lip

Answer 4

Question 5

What are the different types of oral papillae?

Answer 5

Mechanical and gustatory

Question 6

Describe the function and structure of mechanical oral papillae

Answer 6

• physical protection, markedly keratinised
• conical
• marginal (at edge of tongue)
• filiform (small, numerous)

Question 7

Describe the structure and function of gustatory papillae

Answer 7

• taste, contain taste buds
• fungiform (front of tongue)
• circumvalate/valate (back of tongue)
• foliate (flat, leaf shaped)

Question 8

What is the function of the tongue?

Answer 8

Prehension
Food capture
Moves food over teeth
Prepares food bolus for swallowing
Catches ruminal bolus during cudding
Carries taste buds (gustation)
Suckling in neonatal mammals

Question 9

Label this dog tongue

Answer 9

Question 10

How is a pigs tongue shape related to function?

Answer 10

Flat, muscular and well-developed tip allows them to root in soil for insects as well as manipulate a diverse diet

Question 11

How does a horses tongue shape relate to its function?

Answer 11

Muscular, smoother and cylindrical
Allows effective grasping and manipulating of long stem grass

Question 12

How does an ox tongue shape relate to its function?

Answer 12

long, muscular, rough surface due to papillae
well adapted for grazing and pulling grass
rough surface helps strip leaves from plants and aids in grinding process

Question 13

Which nerve contains the motor supply to the muscles of the tongue?

Answer 13

Hypoglossal

Question 14

Which nerves carry the sensory fibres to the tongue?

Answer 14

Lingual and glossopharyngeal

Question 15

Label these local muscles

Answer 15

Question 16

What is wooden tongue?

Answer 16

Bovine actinobacillosis - bacterial infection -> inflammation of the tongue which becomes hard, swollen and painful

Question 17

Where are taste buds found?

Answer 17

Within the clefts of the papillae

Question 18

Where are stem cells found on the tongue?

Answer 18

at the base of the papillae

Question 19

How are tongue muscles arranged?

Answer 19

They run in various directions allowing for precise movements

Question 20

Label this cat tongue

Answer 20

Question 21

Why do gustatory papillae need to be wet?

Answer 21

saliva plays a crucial role in taste perception and the gustatory papillae is where taste receptors are located

Question 22

What type of oral papillae is this and what is it’s function?

Answer 22

Mechanical (cat)
For grooming and rasping soft tissues from bones
Physical protection

Question 23

What type of oral papillae is this?

Answer 23

Gustatory

Question 24

Label this salivary gland

Answer 24

Question 25

Label the salivary glands of the dog

Answer 25

Orange = parotid
Light blue = mandibular
Yellow = sublingual
Pink oval = zygomatic
Pink, linear = buccal

Question 26

Label the salivary glands of the pig

Answer 26

Orange = parotid
Light blue = mandibular
Yellow = sublingual
Pink, linear = buccal

Question 27

Label the salivary glands of the cow

Answer 27

Orange = parotid
Light blue = mandibular
Yellow = sublingual
Pink 7 = buccal

Question 28

Label the salivary glands of the horse

Answer 28

Orange = parotid
Light blue = mandibular
Yellow = sublingual
Pink 5 = buccal

Question 29

Label this mixed salivary gland

Answer 29

Question 30

What do myoepithelial cells do?

Answer 30

aid in expulsion of excretory products from glandular cells

Question 31

What is the purpose of the mitochondria in salivary glands?

Answer 31

provide energy for cellular activities for endocrine and exocrine functions

Question 32

What is the purpose of the folded basement membrane in salivary glands?

Answer 32

supportive and structural element

Question 33

Label this diagram of the oesophagus

Answer 33

Question 34

Label this diagram of the oesophagus

Answer 34

Question 35

Label this diagram of the palatine tonsil

Answer 35

Question 36

Label this diagram of lymphoid tissue

Answer 36