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Jorge GIL > SI and pancreas anatomy > Flashcards

SI and pancreas anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the layers of the SI

A

Mucosa:
- epithelial layer
- lamino propria
Submucosa
Tunica muscularis
Serosa

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2
Q

Describe the anatomy and function of the mucosa of the SI

A

Single epithelial layer:
- semi-permeable
- secretion and absorption
- protection
- mucous covered
Lamina propria:
- loose connective tissue
- immune cells
Crypts of Lieberkuhns
Mucosa folds to creates dams to slow flow of chyme

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3
Q

Describe the anatomy and function of the submucosa of the SI

A

structural support
BVs
lymphatics
nerves
fine smooth muscle layer that projects into lamina propria (muscularis mucosae) that alters folding and ‘pumps’ villi up and down

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4
Q

Describe the anatomy and function of the tunica muscularis of the SI

A

main smooth muscle
circular and longitudinal layers
provides motility
nerve cell layers control the contractions

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5
Q

Descrive the function of the serosa of then SI

A

strong
protective, supportive outer layer

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6
Q

Label the SI wall

A
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7
Q

What adaptations increase the SA of the SI

A

ridges/folds
villi
microvilli

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8
Q

Describe the function of the crypts of lieberkuhns in the SI

A

intestinal glands/crypts
contain a stem cell region which produces immature enterocytes and other gut cells

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9
Q

What is the function of mature enterocytes in the SI?

A

Found on villi
absorb nutrients:
- carbs
- AAs
- lipids
- vits
- minerals

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10
Q

What is the function of lacteals in the SI wall?

A

blind-end lymphatic capillaries
transport emulsified fats (As chylomicrons) into GIT lymphatic drainage

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11
Q

What is the function of blood capillaries in the lamina propria of the SI?

A

have large fenestrations so plasma proteins (inculding serum albumin) can move into interstitial space

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12
Q

What is the function of the Brunner’s glands in the duodenum?

A

tubular sub-mucosal glands
Produce serous or mucous secretion
Secretion protects duodenal epithelium from incoming gastric acid and provides alkaline conditions for intestinal enzymes

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13
Q

What joins the caecum and ileum?

A

ileocaecal fold
ileocaecal sphincter

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14
Q

How do you identify the ileum?

A

Double mesentery
Double blood supply from caecum and colon
has mesenteric and antimesenteric blood vessels

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15
Q

What are the 6 cells types in the SI?

A
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16
Q

What is the function of entero-endocrine cells?

A

Dark basal granules
secrete peptide hormones and CCK

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17
Q

What is the function of paneth cells in the SI?

A

apical granules
innate mucosal defences (defensins and lysozymes)
found at bottom of crypts

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18
Q

What is the function of M-cells in the SI?

A

APC that covers Peyer’s patches

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19
Q

What is the function of tuft cells in the SI?

A

make links with immune system

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20
Q

Describe the formation and distribution of cells in the SI

A

stem cell zone at neck of crypts
most cell types migrate up villi:
- enterocyte
- goblet cell
- endocrine cell
Paneth cells migrate down into crypts

21
Q

How do enterocytes work?

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum allows intracellular transport of nutrients
pinocytosis into enterocytes allows foreign materials to enter as vesicles
vesicles fuse with enzyme-packed intracellular lysosomes
tight junctions prevent leakage

22
Q

Label the villus of the SI

A
23
Q

What are the mature enterocyte brush border enzymes?

A

integral membrane enzymes
peptidases
CHO hydrolases (lactase, maltase, sucrose)

24
Q

What is the function of entero-endocrine cells?

A

sample intestinal lumen and react
found along entire GIT epithelium
chemosensors at the luminal surface
Have links with immune system
open type - open into lumen
Closed type - cell sits on basement membrane, no extension to mucosal surface

25
Q

What is the function of paneth cells in the SI

A

equids and bovids
produce anti-microbial defensin peptides
keep crypt clear of high bacterial count

26
Q

What is GALT?

A

gut associated lymphoid tissues

27
Q

Describe the anatomy and function of the Peyer’s patches

A

Raised ovoid areas in the mucosa of the ileum
always in antimesenteric mucosa
lots of macrophages and lymphocytes
Covered by M-cells which transport antigens to lymphocytes and macrophages
Reactive to changes in gut flora - immune responses

28
Q

Describe the anatomy of lymphoid follicles in the SI

A

aggregations of lymphocytes and macrophages within lamina propria
No contact with lumen
M-cells over them in epithelial boundary

29
Q

Where are lymph nodes found in the SI?

A

within the mesentery

30
Q

Which section of SI is this?

A

duodenum

31
Q

Which section of the SI is this?

A

jejunum

32
Q

Which section of the SI is this?

A

ileum

33
Q

What is the function of M-cells in the SI?

A

special epithelial cells that cover Peyer’s patches
direct contact with ingesta (no mucous layer)
folded apical surface increases SA
lymphocytes and macrophages in indentation on basal surface
transport antigens from lumen to immune cells

34
Q

What is the function of Tuft cells in the SI?

A

long ‘fingers’ project sideways into neighbouring epithelial cells and into luminal space
modulate responses against protists and metazoa (multicellular endoparasites)

35
Q

Where is the pancreas found?

A

duodenal flexure

36
Q

Why do you need to be careful handling the pancreas in surgery?

A

heavy handling can lead to pancreatic enzymes being released into the pancreas leading to autolysis (breaking down itself)

37
Q

Why is there high conc of pancreatic hormones in the liver?

A

venous drainage of pancreas via hepatic portal vein into liver

38
Q

What are the secretions of the pancreas?

A

dual function:
exocrine:
- digestive enzymes
- alkaline fluids
endocrine:
- insulin
- glucagon
- somastostatin
- pancreatic polypeptide

39
Q

How is the pancreas stimulated?

A

duodenum entero-endocrine cells sense acidic chyme
secretin release acts on pancreatic ducts
epithelial cells in pancreas ducts produce bicarbonate and water
flush acinar enzymes into SI lumen

40
Q

What are Islets of Langerhans and what types are there?

A

enteroendocrine cells in the pancreas
alpha cells - glucagon
beta cells - insulin
delta cells - somatostatin
PP cells - pancreatic polypeptide
- epsilon cells - ghrelin

41
Q

What GIT structures does the coeliac artery supply?

A

liver
stomach
rumen
spleen
duodenum
pancreas

42
Q

What GIT structures does the cranial mesenteric artery supply?

A

duodenum
pancreas
jejunum
ileum
caecum
large colon

43
Q

What GIT structures does the caudal mesenteric artery supply?

A

part of descending colon
rectum

44
Q

What are the branches of the coeliac artery?

A

left gastric
hepatic:
- right gastric
Splenic:
- splenic branches
- short gastric

45
Q

What local nerve networks control the smooth muscles of the GIT?

A

Meissner’s plexus - submucosa
Auerbach’s plexus - between smooth mm layers

46
Q

Which nerves supply sensory info to the brain from the GIT?

A

mechanosense and chemosense - vagus
pain - sympathetics

47
Q

Describe the sympathetic pathways to the gut

A

Fibres run through vagus nerve => dorsal vagal trunk => coeliac and mesenteric ganglion => along BVs => gut

Sacral part of parasympathetic NS:
pelvic nerve forms retroperitoneal plexus which supplies descending colon and rectum

48
Q

What are the autonomic ganglion involved in innervation of the GIT?

A

sympathetic synapses: paravertebral ganglion

Parasympathetic: prevertebral ganglion (coeliac and cranial mesenteric ganglion = solar plexus)

Jorge GIL (99 decks)

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