Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geog > T 1.15-1.21 > Flashcards

T 1.15-1.21 Flashcards

1
Q

Loma Prieta 1989

A
  • magnitude 6.7
  • killed 60 people
  • 20 billion property damage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

great quake 1906

A
  • 3k dead

- levelled 80% of the city

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

high tech monitoring in California

A
  • NASA and JPL have upgraded GPS stations
  • sensors collect GPS, pressure, temperature and seismic data in real time
  • build computer models of data which work out the disaster potential
  • sensors added to buildings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

prediction in california

A
  • shakealert is an early tanning system app that sends a text message
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

models forecasting disaster impacts

A
  • California Utilities Emergency Association

- look for interdependence between energy and utility systems to bring them back on line as quick as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

community preparedness in California

A
  • California state law: mayor no longer in control
  • leads from all agencies work in the same room
  • AlertSF and Twitter are used to send alerts about emergencies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

adaptations in California

A
  • a seismically reinforced and modern emergency operations centre
  • 180 seismic retrofits replacements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

education in california

A
  • Bay Area Urban Areas Security Initiative
  • spent 3.3m in 2012 on drills and training exercises
  • annual golden guardian exercise to simulate a catastrophic EQ in bay area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

NGO’s in San Fransisco

A
  • SF CARD - Community Agencies Responding to Disaster, connect non-profit, faith based and private organisations to provide after an EQ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

strategies used to modify vulnerability to volcanic hazards

A

high tech monitoring
land use zoning
public education programme
community preparedness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Yellowstone national park

A
  • Yellowstone caldera is a super volcano that was created 640k years ago
  • reflects 17 million years of NA plate movement
  • huge river valley features
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hawaiian islands:

A

Archipelago(many islands)
8 major islands
Moving 32 miles/ million years
South east most active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Canary Islands:

A
  • archipelago, major islands
  • very steep ocean cliffs (landslides)
  • most active volcano is El Hierro
  • fissure 1km south - possible new island?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Thermal plumes?

A
  • occur at areas of mantle where heat rises

- high heat/ lower pressure at base of lithosphere, melts the rock(pressure melting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are active volcanoes caused by hotspots?

A
  • volcanoes are formed and move away because tectonic played move over the hotspot, which remains stationary
  • lithosphere melts because of heat rising as a hot thermal plume
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are the hotspots?

A
  • 40/50 around the world
  • oceanic - eg, hawaiia islands - 0.7 - 5 mil years old
  • continental - eg, Yellowstone is 640k - 16.1 mil years old
17
Q

Spectacular landforms created by hotspots

A
  • atolls/ volcanic islands/ seamounts are formed bec7successive oceanic volcanoes move away from hotspot
18
Q

How do hotspots work?

A
  1. Isolated plumes of connected heat called mantle plumes, rise towards the surface and melt the lithosphere, this creates basaltic volcanoes that erupt frequently
  2. Basaltic lava is low viscosity and spreads far to form a large shield volcano
  3. Mantle plume stationary, so while plate moves over it, over long period it causes a chain of volcanic islands and atolls
19
Q

What does a hazard profile do?

A

Compares all the physical processes to help decision makers identify and rank hazards and decide how to allocate resources.

20
Q

World risk index

A

Based on exposure susceptibility, coping capacity, adaptive capacity
Japan 17th
Haiti 21st

21
Q

Define risk

A
  • based on the overall disadvantage, ie a combination of political,social, cultural and physical factors
22
Q

What factors are vulnerability composed of

A
  • physical - hazardous area settlements
  • social/ demographic- DWAGERS
  • education/ information - prediction/ warning systems
  • economic - insurance, property loss
  • environmental - deforestation, contamination
23
Q

Define speed of onset

A

How quickly the peak of the event occurs

24
Q

Disadvantages of using a hazard profile

A
  • difficult to compare different events (need same processes, scale of measures)
  • difficult to compare different spatial distributions
  • difficult to compare different temporal distributions
  • different tectonic and development contexts of different countries
25
Q

Natural hazard trends:

A
  • no. ‘of disasters increased since ‘60, but deaths decreased
  • no of tectonic disasters steady
  • main changes in hydro-meteorological (climate change??)
26
Q

Considering population vulnerability

A
  • global population in ‘60 was <3 billion, 2016 its 7.3 billion
  • increase in megacities (pop. density regions)
  • globalised world of communications means more are reported
27
Q

Data reliability

A
  • no universally agreed definition or measure of disaster
  • ‘affected people’ is subjective
  • data collection not an immediate priority
  • political narratives to uphold
28
Q

What can we do with mathematical models

A

• Make statistical projections – how likely something is to happen at a particular location
• Use LT evidence from monitoring networks
• Long-term forecasts
• Try and persuade government to have building regulation / evacuation plans
• Build models of magma movement / measure EQ stress

29
Q

What can’t we do with math models

A

• Have an accurate location
• Have an accurate timing
• Find an reliable diagnostic pre-cursor of P-waves / seismic pattern / biological change

30
Q

Usefulness of Hazard Profiles

A

• High magnitude EQ are likely to overwhelm even the best management strategies, e.g. Tokyo
• Large areal extent can overwhelm emerging services, so loss of life increases (vs. concentrated aid in smaller area, e.g. Christchurch)
• High frequency means communities are prepared, BUT might be hazard fatigued
• But, despite all of these, low levels of economic development can prevent any plan being implemented

31
Q

Tectonic events can be compared using

A

Hazard profiles, allow for better understanding of the nature of hazards, and thus, the risks associated with each.

32
Q

Hazards with following characteristics present highest risk:

A
  • high magnitude, low frequency events - these are the least ‘expected’ as, by definition, they are unlikely to have occurred in living memory
  • rapid onset events with low spatial predictability - they could occur in numerous places and without warning
  • regional areal extent - affecting large numbers of people in a wide range of locations
33
Q

Basaltic shield eruption HP

A

Magnitude: small
Speed of onset: fairly slow
Areal extent: local
Duration: fairly long
Frequency: quite high
Spatial predictability: fairly precise

34
Q

Andesitic composite cone eruption HP

A

Magnitude: almost middling
Speed: middling
Areal extent: closer to local than regional
Duration: medium
Frequency: fairly low
Spacial predictability: fairly precise (but less so than basaltic shield)

35
Q

Subduction zone EQ HP

A

Magnitude: more than medium
Speed: very rapid
Size: closer to regional than local
Duration: shortest
Frequency: closer to low than high
Spatial predictability: fairly random

36
Q

Tsunami HP

A

Magnitude: largest
Speed of onset: rapid
Areal extent: largest
Duration: quite short
Frequency: high
Spatial predictability: highest

37
Q

When answering a Q on hazard profiles:

A
  • break it down into its sub components, and explain them separately - why are each of them important and how do they impact?
  • bring in overall pros and cons too

Geog (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions