H - 1.5 -> 1.8 Flashcards
4 key factors determining health levels
- Food
- Safe water
- Proper sanitation
- Healthcare
deprivation
- A reduction of any, if not all of these
- Poverty symptoms combinate to create health risks
- These could lead to death / lower LE
Societal Access:
- Polarised - very rich and very poor
- Better off lifestyle carries risks – e.g. obesity, smoking, alcoholism, heart disease
UK North-South Split
- Highest in Dorset – 82/men, 86/women
- Shortest in Glasgow – 72/men, 78/women
- LE gradually increasing, but more for men, because of less physically demanding jobs
South east men 80.4, northeast men 78
Link to economic prosperity
- higher access to higher quality healthcare
- higher disposable income = wellbeing activities more accessible
- healthcare infrastructure better as a nation
- better information and stronger health standards
- lower pollution/ green
welfare state:
- state led
- funded by tax
- focused on social welfare
- equality of opportunity
- redistribution of wealth
totalitarianism:
- centralised
- dictatorial
- complete subsidence
Role of governments
Their decisions can prioritise :
- economic development - economic policies
- human development - education, healthcare
- environmental wellbeing
Role of social progress
- Thinks about economic structure, political structure, social structure
- Aim: meet basic human needs, and create opportunities
- Social enterprise can be faster, i.e. profit-orientated businesses
in a welfare state:
- The wellbeing of all citizens is regarded as a priority and spending on health care and education is high
- Taxes have to be high to covert it, or income from manufactured goods must be very good
Venezuela
- Currently protesting because of lack o poverty, destitution, starvation, suffering and ideological slavery
- Pres. Hugo Chavez set up this system, but his successor have deployed security forces
- Huge reliance of oil / petrodollars to pay – high value in 2008 ($150/barrel), whilst today is $45
- Leaders involved in international drug trafficking
General Pinochet (1973-1990) - Dictatorial free-trade
- General Pinochet’s Chicago Boys – wanted a laissez-faire, free market economy
- Import tariffs were slashed from
- Poverty rates dropped from 40% to 10%
- linked up with Milton friedman
Deregulation of financial markets:
- The World Bank provided money for loans and unpaid debt, on one condition…
- (Latin American) governments were forced to continue reforms that favoured free-market capitalism
1970s - Privatisation
- Companies, particularly copper mines were reprivatized
- Competition was allowed, and continued unchecked until the economy was dominated by a few conglomerates, which could reduce competition!
Global Recession and Latin American Debt Crisis
- Money was borrowed from the IMF and World Bank
- Then oil prices surged in 1970s countries debt shot up – they required more money in order to repay , as exchange rate deteriorated in comparison to US dollar = huge owes of national currencies.
- also contraction of world trade meant Dutch disease
- in combination with interest rates going up due to global recession, meaning huge repayment sum, which led to collapse of economy
- inflation spiked across the continent and real wages dropped from 20-40%
- Unemployment rose to 30% - poverty rose to 45%
An experiment with Socialism President Michelle Bachelet (2014-2018)
- Price of copper started to fall in 2014
- Labour union were strengthened
- Businesses became nervous and investment contracted
Better education
- Under President Bachelet, company taxes were paid into early childhood development programmes and maternal mortality.
- Free nursery places for every child to encourage women and young people into the labour force
Better health
- Ageing population – needs more women, young people and immigrants
- Under President Bachelet, company taxes were paid into early childhood development programmes and maternal mortality.
Better human rights
- $8bn is being spent on the poorest region of Childe – Araucania
- Land has been returned to the Mapuches (and protected)
- Mapuche people are not allowed to sell their land to non-Mapuche investors
Sebasian Pinera
(March 2018 onwards)
- Tax code revised to make it fairer for companies to work
- Union legislation simplified – so it is harder for strikes to threaten business productivity.
- Investment rising at 7.1%/yr
- GDP growth rising to 5.3%/yr
Improved environmental quality
- Deforestation is being slowed and tree-planting is beginning
- Improved soil quality supports wheat, oats, and grape production
200,000 firewood heaters are being replaced by gas, paraffin and wood pellet-based heaters – improving air quality and CO2 emissions
typical reasons for lack of MDG progress:
- Limited overall economic development – so poverty remained persistent
- Unable to participate in globalization, i.e. trade
- War, conflict, drought, desertification, population growth – with match problems in medical infrastructure / personnel
- War can reverse progress
- Lack of industrial development
- Lack of political will to get change, e.g. tribal politics, lack of political consensus, lack of trust
sustainable development goals:
- Written through consultation with major groups and stakeholders in 70 countries.
- The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, was agreed by world leaders at a summit in September 2015.
- The agenda set out 17 SDG’s to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice and tackle CC by 2030.
main criticisms:
- Some MDG progress linked to growing Chinese affluence
- Too many self-interest by different IGOs
- They’re too expensive 4% of world GDP (currently 1.3 of 0.7% promised funding is given)
- Willingness to accept not everything will be done
- Local development is always varied
millenium development goals:
In 2000:
- eradicate poverty + hunger
- universal primary education
- combat AIDS, HIV, Malaria and other diseases
- develop global partnerships for development
- promote gender equality
- reduce infant mortality
- improve maternal health
- encourage environmental sustainability
HHR goals
- access to clean + reliable water
- a varied economy
- good, accessible education
- limited environmental damage
- reducing mortality rates and protection of HR
How can education link to development
- skilled workforce will attract high income oppo + TNC’s
- can improve health of population as they are more informed
Unequal access to health
- access to health services
- lifestyle and health outcomes
- income
- housing
- environment
- transport
- education
Access to health services
- gypsy and traveller communities have reported issues surrounding languages
- 13% of LGBT respondents in a survey reported unequal treatment from healthcare staff due to sexuality
Lifestyle issues
- smoking
- poor diet
- drinking
- physical inactivity
Income
- ability to buy health improving goods, like healthier food and gym memberships
- children from bottom fifth income distribution are 4+ times likely to experience severe mental health problems than those in the top fifth
Housing
Poor quality and overcrowded housing conditions are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, depression and anxiety
Environment
Exposure to air pollutants cut short estimated 28k-26k lives a yr
Transport
Those living in most depressed areas have 50% more risk of dying in a road accident
Education
Those with uni degree at age 30 expected to live 5 years longer
The dominant IGO’s have
Traditionally promoted neoliberal views of development, based on the adoption of free trade, privatisation and deregulation of financial markets - as seen in Chile.
But recent programmes have also been aimed at improving environment, health, education and HR
Concerns that neoliberalism:
- benefits businesses and TNCs far more than ordinary people so creates inequality
- urban to rural inequality
- economic growth at the expense of the environment
World bank education
- found member of global partnership for education in 02
- invests into. Early education for all children
- focus on the poorest and most disadvantaged
- over 35$ mil in educational programmes between 02-15
World bank environment
- climate change action plan in 16
- aims to help developing like India to add 30 GW of renewable
- aims to provide early flooding warning systems for 100 million people
Drawbacks to MDGS
- only one goal met
- some countries make up larger portions
- 800 mil stil live in extreme pov and hunger
Success of MDG
- health target prevented 20 million deaths between 00 - 15
- infant mortality in sub Sahara fell by 37%
- improved access to sanitation for 2.1 billion
- primary school enrolment increased from 83 - 91
