H - 1.5 -> 1.8 Flashcards
4 key factors determining health levels
- Food
- Safe water
- Proper sanitation
- Healthcare
deprivation
- A reduction of any, if not all of these
- Poverty symptoms combinate to create health risks
- These could lead to death / lower LE
Societal Access:
- Polarised - very rich and very poor
- Better off lifestyle carries risks – e.g. obesity, smoking, alcoholism, heart disease
UK North-South Split
- Highest in Dorset – 82/men, 86/women
- Shortest in Glasgow – 72/men, 78/women
- LE gradually increasing, but more for men, because of less physically demanding jobs
South east men 80.4, northeast men 78
Link to economic prosperity
- higher access to higher quality healthcare
- higher disposable income = wellbeing activities more accessible
- healthcare infrastructure better as a nation
- better information and stronger health standards
- lower pollution/ green
welfare state:
- state led
- funded by tax
- focused on social welfare
- equality of opportunity
- redistribution of wealth
totalitarianism:
- centralised
- dictatorial
- complete subsidence
Role of governments
Their decisions can prioritise :
- economic development - economic policies
- human development - education, healthcare
- environmental wellbeing
Role of social progress
- Thinks about economic structure, political structure, social structure
- Aim: meet basic human needs, and create opportunities
- Social enterprise can be faster, i.e. profit-orientated businesses
in a welfare state:
- The wellbeing of all citizens is regarded as a priority and spending on health care and education is high
- Taxes have to be high to covert it, or income from manufactured goods must be very good
Venezuela
- Currently protesting because of lack o poverty, destitution, starvation, suffering and ideological slavery
- Pres. Hugo Chavez set up this system, but his successor have deployed security forces
- Huge reliance of oil / petrodollars to pay – high value in 2008 ($150/barrel), whilst today is $45
- Leaders involved in international drug trafficking
General Pinochet (1973-1990) - Dictatorial free-trade
- General Pinochet’s Chicago Boys – wanted a laissez-faire, free market economy
- Import tariffs were slashed from
- Poverty rates dropped from 40% to 10%
- linked up with Milton friedman
Deregulation of financial markets:
- The World Bank provided money for loans and unpaid debt, on one condition…
- (Latin American) governments were forced to continue reforms that favoured free-market capitalism
1970s - Privatisation
- Companies, particularly copper mines were reprivatized
- Competition was allowed, and continued unchecked until the economy was dominated by a few conglomerates, which could reduce competition!
Global Recession and Latin American Debt Crisis
- Money was borrowed from the IMF and World Bank
- Then oil prices surged in 1970s countries debt shot up – they required more money in order to repay , as exchange rate deteriorated in comparison to US dollar = huge owes of national currencies.
- also contraction of world trade meant Dutch disease
- in combination with interest rates going up due to global recession, meaning huge repayment sum, which led to collapse of economy
- inflation spiked across the continent and real wages dropped from 20-40%
- Unemployment rose to 30% - poverty rose to 45%
An experiment with Socialism President Michelle Bachelet (2014-2018)
- Price of copper started to fall in 2014
- Labour union were strengthened
- Businesses became nervous and investment contracted
Better education
- Under President Bachelet, company taxes were paid into early childhood development programmes and maternal mortality.
- Free nursery places for every child to encourage women and young people into the labour force
Better health
- Ageing population – needs more women, young people and immigrants
- Under President Bachelet, company taxes were paid into early childhood development programmes and maternal mortality.
Better human rights
- $8bn is being spent on the poorest region of Childe – Araucania
- Land has been returned to the Mapuches (and protected)
- Mapuche people are not allowed to sell their land to non-Mapuche investors
Sebasian Pinera
(March 2018 onwards)
- Tax code revised to make it fairer for companies to work
- Union legislation simplified – so it is harder for strikes to threaten business productivity.
- Investment rising at 7.1%/yr
- GDP growth rising to 5.3%/yr
Improved environmental quality
- Deforestation is being slowed and tree-planting is beginning
- Improved soil quality supports wheat, oats, and grape production
200,000 firewood heaters are being replaced by gas, paraffin and wood pellet-based heaters – improving air quality and CO2 emissions
typical reasons for lack of MDG progress:
- Limited overall economic development – so poverty remained persistent
- Unable to participate in globalization, i.e. trade
- War, conflict, drought, desertification, population growth – with match problems in medical infrastructure / personnel
- War can reverse progress
- Lack of industrial development
- Lack of political will to get change, e.g. tribal politics, lack of political consensus, lack of trust
sustainable development goals:
- Written through consultation with major groups and stakeholders in 70 countries.
- The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, was agreed by world leaders at a summit in September 2015.
- The agenda set out 17 SDG’s to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice and tackle CC by 2030.
main criticisms:
- Some MDG progress linked to growing Chinese affluence
- Too many self-interest by different IGOs
- They’re too expensive 4% of world GDP (currently 1.3 of 0.7% promised funding is given)
- Willingness to accept not everything will be done
- Local development is always varied