D -> r5 - r7 Flashcards
progress is dependent on
what you want progress to like, different perspectives result in different levels of progress, think Thatchers capitalism in the 80s, vs the socialist parties
indicators
- social - total/rate of pop. change, migration, social attitudes, crime rate, life expectancy, IMD
- economic - employment type/rate, household income, min wage, dwelling tenure, social benefits
imagine in 2011-2021 we see decline in agricultural sector
- in one area we look to increase agri, economy, so total number of agri jobs has stayed the same
- although absolute change in 0
- relative increase in rate of agri jobs
rural areas economic
- mostly seasonal employment
- 2nd home ownership drives house prices up
- distance means working in far out towns which is hard financially
rural areas social
- less access to education/ higher quality education
- less access to healthcare due to geographical isolation
- racial tension where ethnic minorities stand out more
- fewer social activities or funding for the youth - could lead to delinquency
management of change
- planning/ implementing actions that facilitate transition from 1 situation to another
measurement: - requires objective perspective of what is changing - is this possible?
progress: - an improvement of the social, political or economic structures that people coexist within
- could be human action (activism, enterprise, policy\0
- could happen naturally
management
how an authority responds to an issue and deals with it
IMD - index of multiple deprivation
IMD is a relative measure of deprivation
- tells you if an area is more deprived than another, but not by how much
how to measure success part 1
- cultural and demographic issue might include access to health services, education standards, quality of life hate crime/ racist abuse, lack of engagement, life expectancy, ageing populations
- improvements in these may be measured by improved incomes and levels of happiness and degree of assimilation/ participation in life of community
- improved health could reduce inequality of life expectancy between groups
how to measure success part 2
- improved quality of education could enable more from deprived communities to go to tertiary so they can gain jobs with higher earnings, reducing economic inequalities
- improved levels of English for migrant ppl could increase political engagement, meaning improved % election turnout. also more representation at all levels o f gov as people feel more confident speaking for their community
eg, in Okehampton?
quarterly measures of GDP growth could show effect of
seasonal employment
ethnicity issues
- assimilating ethnic minorities
- respecting immigrant cultures
- outlawing discrimination
- conserving cultural heritage
population structure
- anticipating future change
- encouraging a youthful population
- coping with an ageing population
- raising life expectancy
migration
- reducing native vs incomer tensions
- stemming unwanted outlaws
- controlling immigration
- improving border security
quality of life
- improving access to/ quality of housing
- providing healthcare and education
- reducing poverty and deprivation
- improving living environment
change in rural areas - okehampton
- internet connection - up from 15-90%
- retail sales online up from 3-13%
- unemployment slightly up
- IMD - down 8 places
- suicides - up by 3%
- public sector employment halved
- income from agriculture - 29% decline in 5 years
- manufacturing employment fallen 20% since 2004
- electronic goods manufacturer closed
change overall
- economy of 5 biggest cities grown by 12%
- cities not depending on manufacturing employment
- public sector employment risen in cities, eg Leeds/ coventry
- all rural areas deteriorated 14 places in IMD
- urban areas have improved IMD
- suicides fallen 10% in urban areas
why?
- painfully slow internet
- pub spending cuts, creating needs for private sector employment
- high value service sector jobs more suited to urban areas
no pub spending + lack of private sector interest =
spiral of decline = dereliction
challenges:
rural population depends on agriculture and rural communities still earn less per head than urban
- strong need for diversification
services
- relative to urban places, rural areas are disadvantaged when it comes to social services, this is a push factor behind out migration
environmental conservation
countryside faces threats, from more modern agricultural practices and aspects of tourism
infrastructure
- access to modern infrastructure is vital to ensure a high quality of life, as well as easy access to information and the outside world
- it is the key to economic growth and encouraging in - migration
affordable housing
access to a home remains difficult for many due to highly restrictive building policies, so young adults leave for more suburban and urban areas