D -> r5 - r7 Flashcards
progress is dependent on
what you want progress to like, different perspectives result in different levels of progress, think Thatchers capitalism in the 80s, vs the socialist parties
indicators
- social - total/rate of pop. change, migration, social attitudes, crime rate, life expectancy, IMD
- economic - employment type/rate, household income, min wage, dwelling tenure, social benefits
imagine in 2011-2021 we see decline in agricultural sector
- in one area we look to increase agri, economy, so total number of agri jobs has stayed the same
- although absolute change in 0
- relative increase in rate of agri jobs
rural areas economic
- mostly seasonal employment
- 2nd home ownership drives house prices up
- distance means working in far out towns which is hard financially
rural areas social
- less access to education/ higher quality education
- less access to healthcare due to geographical isolation
- racial tension where ethnic minorities stand out more
- fewer social activities or funding for the youth - could lead to delinquency
management of change
- planning/ implementing actions that facilitate transition from 1 situation to another
measurement: - requires objective perspective of what is changing - is this possible?
progress: - an improvement of the social, political or economic structures that people coexist within
- could be human action (activism, enterprise, policy\0
- could happen naturally
management
how an authority responds to an issue and deals with it
IMD - index of multiple deprivation
IMD is a relative measure of deprivation
- tells you if an area is more deprived than another, but not by how much
how to measure success part 1
- cultural and demographic issue might include access to health services, education standards, quality of life hate crime/ racist abuse, lack of engagement, life expectancy, ageing populations
- improvements in these may be measured by improved incomes and levels of happiness and degree of assimilation/ participation in life of community
- improved health could reduce inequality of life expectancy between groups
how to measure success part 2
- improved quality of education could enable more from deprived communities to go to tertiary so they can gain jobs with higher earnings, reducing economic inequalities
- improved levels of English for migrant ppl could increase political engagement, meaning improved % election turnout. also more representation at all levels o f gov as people feel more confident speaking for their community
eg, in Okehampton?
quarterly measures of GDP growth could show effect of
seasonal employment
ethnicity issues
- assimilating ethnic minorities
- respecting immigrant cultures
- outlawing discrimination
- conserving cultural heritage
population structure
- anticipating future change
- encouraging a youthful population
- coping with an ageing population
- raising life expectancy
migration
- reducing native vs incomer tensions
- stemming unwanted outlaws
- controlling immigration
- improving border security
quality of life
- improving access to/ quality of housing
- providing healthcare and education
- reducing poverty and deprivation
- improving living environment
change in rural areas - okehampton
- internet connection - up from 15-90%
- retail sales online up from 3-13%
- unemployment slightly up
- IMD - down 8 places
- suicides - up by 3%
- public sector employment halved
- income from agriculture - 29% decline in 5 years
- manufacturing employment fallen 20% since 2004
- electronic goods manufacturer closed
change overall
- economy of 5 biggest cities grown by 12%
- cities not depending on manufacturing employment
- public sector employment risen in cities, eg Leeds/ coventry
- all rural areas deteriorated 14 places in IMD
- urban areas have improved IMD
- suicides fallen 10% in urban areas
why?
- painfully slow internet
- pub spending cuts, creating needs for private sector employment
- high value service sector jobs more suited to urban areas
no pub spending + lack of private sector interest =
spiral of decline = dereliction
challenges:
rural population depends on agriculture and rural communities still earn less per head than urban
- strong need for diversification
services
- relative to urban places, rural areas are disadvantaged when it comes to social services, this is a push factor behind out migration
environmental conservation
countryside faces threats, from more modern agricultural practices and aspects of tourism
infrastructure
- access to modern infrastructure is vital to ensure a high quality of life, as well as easy access to information and the outside world
- it is the key to economic growth and encouraging in - migration
affordable housing
access to a home remains difficult for many due to highly restrictive building policies, so young adults leave for more suburban and urban areas
overall aim: protection of heritage:
- most rural communities have important natural and historic heritage which is important at a national and sometimes international level
- often provides a resource in context of tourism
lake district national park, Cumbria
low population density lack of economic growth lack of diversity beautiful views and nature difficult to access because of mountainous region
Cornwall, st ives
st. ives is a town in Cornwall, England known for its turf beaches, like porthmeor, and its art scene.
northern fells social and cultural impact
- as many volunteers as possible, also tried best to keep in touch
- lend a hand group scheme supports those that need
northern fells governance
- used project ‘initiatives fund’ to enable rapid access to funds without having the delays in applying for funds
- mix of paid work and volunteers
- appointment of project manager with an established professional background
northern fells transport and connectivity
- mini bus service with about 100 journeys each month
- 22 volunteer drivers available for anyone living in the 7 parishes without access to support
northern fells services
- benefits advice scheme to raise awareness of entitlements to allowances and benefits and to encourage and assist pool to claim their benefits
- face to face entitlement/ health checks with over 75 year olds
northern fells equity
- youth development work which included courses and workshops for teens on babysitting and childcare, basic life support and first aid, cookery mechanics and recording studio techniques
northern fells economy
increased people awareness to entitlements of benefits, which could increase disposable income, etc
R5 overall
Management can be assessed using measured of income + employment
- absolute changes vs relative changes
- okehampton changes
R6 overall
Contrasting ways which different demographic + ethnic groups view rural living space and impact of national + local strays on rural areas
- Lake District rural revival partnerships
R7 overall
- changes can be judged by PEEST variables
- west Cornwall changes
