D -> U11 - U15 Flashcards
measuring integration - demographic
- mapping residential distribution of different ethnic/immigrant/ national groups/
- is their segregation becoming less marked, over time (index of dissimilarity)
- how many mixed marriages are there?
Measuring integration - economic
Economic:
- is there variation of inequality in income/ wages/ happiness?
- are education outcomes the same: e.g. going into university/ high level qualifications, to gain jobs with similar earnings (and thereby access to services)
- e.g. NI census data
Measuring integration - political
- increased language acquisition increases political engagement/ voter turnout/ confidence speaking up?
- how politically engaged are minority groups in political processes? What percentage are voting at the elections
- how do minority groups vote: by social issues, or economic issues. Similarly to host culture, or different?
Measuring integration - social
- level of hate crime incidents and expressions of racism/ sexism/ homophobia
- common use of language, or determination to retain cultural identity.
- extent to which people spend time in local community groups that are defined by their cultural identity, or something else, that is common with the host population
- e.g. PSNI hate crime statistics, TBUC camp engagement in NI
Political Facts in IRELAND
- Try to reduce and manage cultural disagreements
- 1997 good Friday, where protestant and catholic communities laid down weapons and tried to build peace politically
- Tensions can stem from not only religious and cultural beliefs but also demographics such as age and gender
- More contradicting extreme parties being voted for = tension
What does graffiti do
Graffiti to express peoples beliefs although these may be conflicting and cause segregation or tension
Large mass demonstrations
Or protests clearly showing disagreement with another’s beliefs
In Ireland
Colours of Union Jack on the side of the streets and others painted with the colours of the Irish flags
Political engagement is
- higher when there is conflict or an issue to contest
Eg Brexit, 72% voted - Scottish Independence 85% NI assembly turnout 65% Slough general election 65%
Building a United community camps programme
T:BUC camp launched April 2015 to run community camps with catholic and Protestant children aged 11-19
- children learned not to judge based off of ethnicity/ Religion
- young objected to being stereotyped into their religion/ loyalist ness
- overall - programme Improved the emotional health and confidence of the young people
Evidence of successful change in slough
• Immigration brings economic growth (1.4% unemployment) • Diversity days • Cohesiveness • Aik Saath success • Very diverse High Street • So many TNC HQs
Ongoing concerns
- Asian attitude to Roma community?
- Lack of affordable housing
- Lack of diversity (no white / female Council cabinet)
- White flight?
- Do older migrants criticise newer migrants?
- Does success rely on a strong economy, or could it survive without a strong economy?
When and why did the government establish the community cohesion strategy
following a number of riots and disturbances in England in 2001
Goals/objectives of community cohesion strategy
A cohesive community is one where:
• There is common vision and a sense of belonging for all communities;
• The diversity of people’s different backgrounds and circumstances are appreciated and positively valued;
• Those from different backgrounds have similar life opportunities; and
• Strong and positive relationships are being developed between people from different backgrounds in the workplace, in schools and within neighbourhoods”.
Critics of community cohesion strategy say
• A policy focusing on assimilation of minorities with a loss of focus on underlying inequalities and disadvantage?
- The policy tries to bring the groups together and make them feel valued, but does not tackle/ address the root causes of the tensions
Challenges in Slough of Community cohesion:
• Funding for council didn’t keep pace with growth in population
• Building cohesive communities to harness the benefits long term takes resources. And Slough also suffers from high population churn people don’t stay for long, on average
• For example, during the summer holiday period 2006, 89 secondary aged pupils arrived in Slough from other countries. The Assessment Centre which helps these children settle in Slough school can only cater for a maximum of 8 pupils at a time, and
costs 92k/year to run … without proper funding, how can the
Key strategies to help with community cohesion
Local:
• Aik Saath (youth charity) & Peace Walls / Say no to Knives
• Slough Borough Council: 200 houses, 29 (council)
• First Sikh MP (Tan Dhesi)
• Build new secondary schools
• Health Activist Programme (diet, smoking, exercise),
including Arbour Park and outdoor gyms
• Redevelopment – ‘The Curve’ and new bus station (cultural
learning, adult education, café, performance centre)
• Diversity days (multi-cultural dance event in Slough Town
Centre)
Key strategies to help with community cohesion
National:
• Brexit? Will this reduce “pressure” by reducing migration?
• Build Crossrail,
• National Community Cohesion strategy – insufficient funding
for towns with complex communities and rapid pop growth.
How do different immigrant groups feel in Slough?
Children - can work together in schools + more integrated thanks to charities like Aik Saath
White British - feel replaced and left behind grow resentment
Children - negatively affected by community tensions
Low wage workers - struggling due to unproductive council + services, feel outcasted with no care
New immigrants - get quick, low paid labour jobs
Strategies in slough to manage cultural tension
Aik Saath say no to knives council housin first Sikh MP Brexit could possibly reduce migration, so tension could fall from white citizens and the existing immigrants. National community cohesion strategy
I think slough has used charity groups and violence prevention groups as a method to educate the children, so they grow up without cultural resentment in the long term, to fix the short term problem of cultural tension, the council has stepped in and provided council housing, so underprivileged households feel they are being looked after.
Aik Saath meaning
- aik saath means together as one in Hindi, Punjabi and Urdu
- it’s the charity ethos, working together for positive social change across communities
- aim: work across all communities, faiths and backgrounds, promote and encourage conflict resolution and community cohesion, campaigns and projects
History - why was Aik Saath established?
- in response to gang violence between young people from Asian backgrounds in slough
- a belief that young people need to lead the efforts to resolve this conflict
Aik Saath rationale
- interaction leads to less tension
- distrust occurs through social exclusion and segregation
- young people integrate better than other age groups as they have better access to jobs and opportunities elsewhere in London
- economic strategies and creating jobs, wealth and opportunities as well as social strategies to reduce segregation and provide affordable housing should help reduce ethnic tension and division
How many houses has slough borough council provided
How many ethnic groups in slough
Why were there tensions between Hindus and Sikhs in 1990s
- 200+
- 18
- Amritsar temple massacre 1984
Results of Aik Saath sessions
Overall impact of Aik Saath to embed fundamental British values regarding culture and society was positive
Why do people perceive projects differently
- Different stakeholders have conflicting goals – were they all met?
- There are contradictions: there might be less deprivation but poor people can’t afford to stay /feel marginalised (e.g. gentrification in Tottenham)
- Some people are eventually displaced
- If you reach a tipping point of new people: key provision / services close down
- Mixed messages – should new cultural groups assimilate? Should old cultural group stay? Should people be expected to embrace diversity?
- The political complexion changes…
Different measurements for assessing success of managing change in diverse urban communities
Infant mortality
- Life expectancy
- Assimilation of ethnic communities
- Voter turnout
- Local community groups and involvement
- Deprivation (IMD)
- Local judgements
- Planning applications / outcomes
What influences the perception of success
Part 1
- People look through a socio-cultural lens – how would you know it’s the same as objective reality? E.g. one white resident of Slough complains ‘I can’t by Kingsmill bread anymore’
- Time – in the long-term, new economic opportunities might result from the changes, but in short-term, people have lost jobs
- Environmental Quality – deindustrialisation creates decline, but might yield regeneration projects to counter job losses
- Integration – long-term residents have a different view to newcomers, which might be hard to shift
What influences the perception of success
Part 2
- Age – different people want different things, e.g. leisure
- Ethnicity / culture – some culture is more attractive than others
- Whereabouts in the city you live –
- The inner-city is naturally closer to certain jobs / facilities, so university campuses are likely, but manufacturing workers will have lost jobs
- The outer-suburbs naturally closer to green land, but requires private transport / more commuting
U11 overall - Budapest
Changes to built environment will bring benefits to some, can provoke hostility
- Budapest mega mosque = radicalised social exclusion
U12 overall
Assimilation of different cultures can be measured by different indicators
- NI: polarising political parties
U13 overall
Impact of national and local strategies in resolving issues
- ask Saath+ National community cohesiveness
U14
Has the strategy worked in Derry?
U15
Different urban stakeholders have different criteria for assessing the success of managing change in diverse urban communities.
