H - 1.1 -> 1.4 Flashcards
development is a
contested term, not everyone defines it the same.
Historically, we have seen a shift from economic focus to
people challenging that as the overriding priority and coming up with different ways and indicators to measuring data
Bolivia has taken a
different approach than the traditional approach to development
Evo morales has created 2009 constitution focused on law of Mother Earth, a socialist approach to reduce consumerism and therefore reduce environmental damage caused by it.
- taxes raised on TNC oil profits to over 80%, reinvested into reducing poverty, health and education too
evidence of success in bolivia
- 500k people have been lifted out of poverty
- 80% have access to clean water - 97% in urban
- 60% have access to sanitation
- extreme poverty fallen by 43%
economic liberalism
- OECD/ Marshall Plan
- UN/ IMF/ World Bank
- expectations for countries like Ivory Coast
- opportunities for countries like Laos
- Impact of free market on cocoa farmers in Uganda
Neoliberalism
- modified form of liberalism tending to favour free market capitalism
South Sudan:
- looking at how ethnic conflict can stop the utopian vision of neoliberalism.
- Civil war 2013, between Dinka (government) and Nuer (rebel) tribes
- 2 million internally displaced
- 2 million refugees
- Famine / oil price collapse / inflation
- conflict has meant terrible QoL and quality of the workforce, so there is very little TNC investment, resulting in very little neoliberalism.
Hans Rosling was saying:
- future goals should be to improve environmental quality, health and life expectancy of the poorest and human rights
- economic growth was the most important way of achieving this
- argued that human + property rights are essential to economic growth and this depends on governance
- stressed the crucial role health plays in human development
wellbeing:
- Fresh clean water
- Food and energy security
- Environmental quality
- Health-care provision
- Life expectancy
- Human Rights – together with measure of freedom index
UN Sustainable Development Goals, focus on:
- Environmental quality – particular pollution and degradation
- The impact of malnutrition
- Mortality, disease, natural hazards,
is there a link?
o Some of these changes can be clearly linked to economic growth, e.g. life expectancy
o Others can’t reliably be linked – e.g. Human Rights can deteriorate in the short-term, e.g. health and education of minorities, environmental impacts of TNCs / resource extraction etc
sudan
- 13.2 bn
- 1.546k
- 8.26 million population
- 304k displaced by civil wars
QoL in sudan:
- severe droughts and flooding make agriculture difficult
- low levels of health - kids eating grass/ leaves
- 30 children dying a week in UN camps of malaria
Iran trend of women’s education
- 1935 - 2006 quite liberal
- 2008: islamic philosophy is imposed on university courses
- 2009 newly married Iranian women must attend government mandated family planning classes
- 2011: women heavily banned from 70+ courses, mostly STEM
- 2016: only 20-25% educated women can find work
Iran case study
Not everyone has the same access to human rights as we do, as seen in Iran where there is gender inequality with access to education.
- this is due to the strict cultural and religious rules imposed by the harsh government of Iran
education can:
- Reduce inequality
- Empower women
- Improve health sanitation and information
Global lack of access:
- 59 million not in school
- 65 million not in secondary
- Mainly girls
- 69% with equal gender access to primary
- 48% to secondary
Education and human rights
- informs people about personal health, diet and hygiene
- allows them to understand their human rights, and this can assert them when undermined
- international bill of human rights signed by 163 recognises right to free primary education.
What makes it worse?
- Poverty
- Conflict
- Epidemic
- Marginalised social group
- Natural disasters
- Sahel like geography
- Internal conflict
- Cultural conservatism
Why are there global differences in access to education?
- Geographical location – away from trade?
- religious beliefs
- Prevalence of disease – people are unwell and can’t work
- Ongoing political instability and mismanagement of funds
- Extent of demo/auto-cratic government
- Population structure – too many young/old?
- Quality of infrastructure
Why is education central to economic development?
- Education helps you know and assert your human rights
- Helps females challenge barriers to education, e.g. Malala Yousafzai
- Helps access to basic hygiene, healthcare, family size
- supply side + productivity gains
- Improves communication and trade
- Improves knowledge/ skills and economic growth
Iran:
- 23.5 million men have paid jobs in Iran
- 3.5 million women
- young women see education as important
80% of world population growth is in
developing countries, which creates pressure on food/ water/ living space/ infrastructure resources, e.g. sanitation
economic problems
- Informal jobs
- Majority (80%) are primary sector jobs
- Low paid
- Relies on commodities, e.g. flowers / crops
- Rent, water, charcoal supplies are relatively expensive
environmental problems:
- urban air pollution
- waste disposal
- sewage disposal
urban air pollution
- Indoor air pollution from burning charcoal and gas – 1 death very 20 seconds
- pollution, above World Health Organization (WHO) standards by 150time on CO, and 3 times on particulates
waste disposal
- Large volumes of raw waste.
- In developing cities this often poses a health risk and is not dealt with, or is done so informally.
sewage disposal:
- Often ineffective (flying toilets)
- Water pollution is a major health risk (typhoid and cholera)
Variation in life expectancy between countries p1
- There is a strong relationship between life expectancy and GDP per capita
- There is significant variation in the provision of basic services and diet
- Life expectancy is largely driven by infant mortality rates in the developing world
Variation in life expectancy between countries p2
- Health care and insurance levels are highly developed in most countries with high life expectancy
- Lifestyle issues are significant in driving down life expectancies in some places (Russia, southern United States)
- War, civil unrest and the breakdown of basic services impacts negatively on life expectancies in some global regions, e.g. the Middle East.
variation in life expectancy within countries p2
- Infant mortality rates tend to be high in remote(r) rural areas in the developing world where maternal health care is underfunded and clean water unavailable
- Significant urban/rural contrasts in the developed world but particular ‘black spots’ tend to be deindustrialised cities (e.g. Glasgow, Detroit)
- Significant ethnic variations that are driven by poverty (African-American mortality rates)
physical barriers to progress: - Nairobi
- No space to develop
- ‘Uganda Railway’ line runs through
- Topography – too many steep slopes, which also floods the valley floor
economic barriers to progress: Nairobi
- Cost of development is $1.2bn
- People don’t own their land – middle-class landlords exploit
- Average income is £1/day, HIV a, aids and lack of education, poor sanitation and nutrition, perpetuate a cycle of poverty
political barriers to progress: Nairobi
- Clearance isn’t happening because of legal challenge by the middle-class landlords
- Kibera residents distrust the government because of 5-9 yr delay (current rate of progress = 1, 178 yr project!!)
- Poor governance by leadership by the Prime Minister
social barriers to progress: Nairobi
- Original settlers were Kikuyu and Nubian
- Kikuyu tribe dominate Kibera and now ‘run it’
- Lyo and Luhya tribes are moving in with a Luo MP representing the area – leading to gang warfare
- Government is Nubian tribe controlled – and won’t negotiate, and claims to own all of the land
Overall health
- Linked to maternal mortality rates the most
- Child mortality tends to follow
- Overly ‘young’ populations struggle
- Other countries struggle with increasingly elderly dependent populations
Composite measures
- happy planet index
- human development index
- world happiness index
- KOF index
HDI may have a link to
- large economies and advancing tech industries
- cities and towns are well structured, strong infrastructure
- most of these have free education systems and equal opportunity.
Health in developing countries
- poor healthcare infrastructure + skills
- poor access to food = malnutrition
- poor access to clean water
- climate
- overcrowding due to RUM
- civil conflict
Health in developed world
- excellent access to clean water
- higher disposable incomes = better lifestyle and wellbeing
BUT - can lead to bad lifestyle due to higher proximity to alcohol, excessive eating and drugs. Also cities like London for diseases for/ - good healthcare access
Variation in health within the UK
- changing employment
- increasing wealth
- fewer risks to life.
BUT: - deindustrialisation + economically decking areas
- cities vulnerable to infectious diseases
Inequality in health within populations:
- gender
- ethnicity
- socio economic groups
Money can be
A significant factor which gets in the way of human rights, as seen with the economic, social and environmental problems mentioned earlier. Economic growth can actually be a short term burden to human rights
But long term reinvestment and development tends to improve human rights.
Nairobi
Variation in human health and life expectancy can be down to Physical and PEEST factors.
Considerable variations in health and life expectancy across developing world that are explained by
Differential access to basic needs like:
- food
- water supply
- sanitation
Variations in health and life expectancy in the developed world due to:
- differences in lifestyle - diet + activity
- levels of deprivation
- availability, cost and effectiveness of medical care.
Ethnic variations in health and life expectancy
Australians with European ancestry live nearly 20 years longer than aboriginal, due to deprivation, genetic predispositions to chronic disease, lower levels of education and employment
Root cause is poverty
