D -> 1.5 - 1.9 Flashcards
Derry stats
- 2nd largest city/ NI
- colonial plantation city
- close to the border with country Donegal in ROI
- commuter flow - Derry/ Glasgow/ Liverpool were locations for Europe/ NA shipping convoys
- crucial role in the ‘troubles’
- in 13, Derry was the inaugural UK culture
Derry/ Londonderry
- now covers both banks of the river Foyle
- Waterside (Loyalists)
- bog side (nationalists)
- 90k in Derry Urban area
Post WW2
- unemployment & economic stagnation
- lots of failed attempts to locate key services away from Belfast
- significant inequality between rich/poor (Protestant/ catholic)
- 1968/69 global civil rights marches (Prague/ S Africa/ Belfast to Derry)
Sectarian ‘troubles’
Sectarian tension continued into the 60s - 90s
- British armed forces intervened to protect Protestant loyalists, by containing catholic Irish nationalists into free Derry in the bog side rule of law
Early 20th century
Severe sectarian rioting
1921 - partition border city’, separated from the rest of county Donegal
Now:
- good Friday (Belfast) agreement introduced power sharing executive -
- decommissioning the IRA
- reform of the police
- withdraw of the army
- redevelopment funding from the EU.
Widespread gain?
Sloughs demography
- 152k people
- good school grades
- birth rate 177.5/ 10000
- death rates 56/10000
- 10k new school places needed
- 420 babies per month at wexham park
What’s peculiar/ distinctive about sloughs demography?
- has a large amount of children 0-18, low amount of people at the age of tertiary education, and then a lot of young parents that will move here for the education
- fertility rates are increasing still, due to migration of ethnic groups
- slough population is growing, due to natural increase
- increasingly ethnically diverse
Key reasons for natural increase graph
- increased status of women, eg, careers
- delayed family makes having more than 1 child difficult
- divorce rates are higher
- contraception use is higher
Natural increase =
Total births per year - total deaths per year
Critique of the rural- urban model
Model is overly simplified, as you can’t generalise every urban/ rural as having the same characteristics, due to the differing socio economic context in each place. The factors that can affect something like age structure in different regions are not accurately represented or explained
Culture as representation
- symbols, words, images, people, ideas actions and so on that stand for or represent other things
Culture as contested meaning:
Views culture as an apparatus of power within a larger system of domination where meanings are constantly negotiated
Places are
Not static and are always changing
Different views and exposures to slough mean
Different definition or views of that place
Eg, watching the office constantly without ever actually visiting slough will give a different meaning of slough than someone who’s lived there their whole life
locals in slough complain
Slough is known for two things:
- 1937 poem ‘slough’
- ‘the office’ an early 200s television sit com which portrayed the mindless drudgery of the modern workplace\
What is making slough grow?
- existing Asian communities
- peaceful multiculturalism
- proximity to Heathrow/ m4/m25/ London/ crossrail
- slough trading estate (1920 - UK HQ for Mars, O2, EU HQ for blackberry, McAfee, Burger King and Lego)
- selective education system
- unitary authority, 1998, separating from Berkshire
- Abu Dhabi investment
Some slough facts
- lowest proportion of young benefit claimants, best school grades and 3rd highest wages in Britain’s 63 urban cities
- Crossrail
- house prices have grown nearly 50% from 09
- trading estate that houses 500 businesses
Post colonial uk demographics
- 86% white British
- 3% ethnic minority
- 1.4 million Indian
- 1.2 million Pakistani
- 450k Bangladeshi
- 430k Chinese
- 11% mixed
- London: 51% ethnic
Clustering definition
Increase in pop. density but with a specific subgroup for an example an increase in a specific ethnic group
Causes of post war migration:
- end of war
- colonial ties
- recent (Chinese/ African)
- later events
End of war migration
- rebuilding needed, not enough workers
- NHS doctors and underground drivers
- few restrictions for commonwealth
Colonial ties migration
- same language/ culture/ legal system
- ex services personnel remain in Britain
- overseas families return home
Recent migration (Chinese/ African)
- rapid growth in skills, production , job market
- education and training hubs (London World city)
Later events causing migration
- A8 accession 2004
- Indians expelled from Uganda under Idi Amin
- restrictions on migration trigger rapid joining of families (bridge headers)
Key factors affecting ethnic diversity of population:
- Political – government policy
- Economic – availability of jobs / wages
- Environmental – physical isolation / accessibility
- Social – attitudes towards migration and existing communities
- Technological – available means of travel / knowledge of destination
Does urban/rural location matter?
Urban areas have more jobs, housing, services (health / education)
- Rural areas have low population / threshold anyway
BUT:
- Rural areas attract certain types of people, e.g. elderly / wealthy / families
- And if you can attract one group, and enough of them, that’s a threshold.
Do factors matter?
- Global scale = its mainly physical geography
- Smaller scale – its increasingly political, technological, and then social (1:1 interaction)
Key words?
- Homogeneity = the population is all the same
- Heterogeneity = the population is diverse / all mixed up
Reasons for differences in ethnic groups in different regions
- Differences in types of jobs, polish immigrants are generally working low wage jobs, while Indian may be migrating to work higher sector jobs on average.
- People could cluster around religious monuments and places of worship, windburns generation could have expanded outwards from their original point of migration
filtering definition
process of neighbourhood change that involves its housing passing from one social group to another. Most filtering involves housing in an area moving down the social scale; as the former inhabitants move to better quality dwellings their previous homes come relatively cheaper and so accessible to lower income groups
positive reasons for segregation
- helps social group to keep cohesion
- keeps cultural values by isolating from external influences
- to maintain cultural specific amenities and services, halal meat
negative reasons for segregation
- help protection against attack
- lack of trust
- discrimination - eg, job related/ estate agents
- language barriers
why do people segregate?
- sometimes they choose to
- sometimes they are forced to
- but it partly depends on your perspective… myths are perpetuated things that reinforce place identity
artefacts - objects
mentefacts - shared meaning
sociofacts - shared behaviour
why can there be an exclusion?
- conservative, white middle class society thinks other racial groups don’t share the same values
- so treats other racial groups as outsiders
- so takes action to exclude him
is PLACE identity a myth?
- places have an identity - do you want to be ‘out of place’
- place identities are rarely accurate! they’re more perception - and myth is often the basis for exclusion (by WASP)
so - to test the myth, use census data as a key objective source of info
tolerance
- starting at centre, with black ethnic group you get greater degree of filling
- eventually the tolerance that whites have for black dissolves, and you get white flight
- eventually the white move outwards
- different groups have different tolerances
- black prefer mixed areas
- whites like mixed up to 10% black
- sown yo hit 35-50% black, you get racial instability in ecological succession, and white flight occurs
invasion and succession
- process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas or neighbourhoods that were previously occupied by older immigrant groups
ethnic clustering
- evident in both US and UK
- some ethnic groups are more clustered others
- may be driven by exclusion by the majority white population
ghettoisation
- in 2000, african American population was 33 million or 12% of the US population (275 million)
- New York - 60% if african Americans live in blocks where they are 70% of the population
- 66% in blocks where they are 90% of the population
UK demographics
- 86% white British, 3% ethnic minority
- 1.4 million indian, 1.2 million pakistani
- 450k Bangladeshi, 430k Chinese
- 11% mixed heritage
- London: 51% ethnic minority
- diversity is not evem
- homogeneity in some regions of the UK
ghettoisation in US cities - filtering theory (assumptions)
whites don’t mind blacks if blacks in minority (15-20%)
blacks like mixed communities, but minimum is 30%
ghettoisation in US cities - filtering theory (changes)
- black population starts to build
- white looks at situation - when it gets to 15-20% black they decide not to buy
- eventually the tolerance that white have for blacks dissolves and white flight occurs
- price comes down
- blacks can enter newly vacated areas and at 20-30% black, you reach tipping point
ghettoisation in US cities - filtering theory (result)
black population grows
factors that affect segregation
- familiarity of languages
- retain culture
- escape racism
- helps protection against attack
- own ethnicity already there
- gov policies
- inter marriages
- access to cultural services
children in America who grow up in racially segregated metropolitan areas experience:
less economic mobility than those in less segregated ones
1.5 overall - Derry
Regional and National influences shape characteristics (formal, statistical, real, imagined)
- Derry - sectarian violence
1.6 overall - slough population structure
Population structures and dynamics are a result of differences in fertility and mortality rates as well as international/internal migration.
Slough - high fertility, birth rates, migration due to PEEST
1.7 overall - slough
How places can be represented in a variety of different forms, giving contrasting images
- slough: 1937 poem, the office show 2000s, holiday Inn advert
1.8 overall - UK
Can be considerable variation in population characteristics
- gender, ethnicity, both in and between settlements
UK: diversity data + causes of post war migration
