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Geog > S: 1.1 - 1.3 > Flashcards

S: 1.1 - 1.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Requirements for superpowers

A

Population
GNP
TNCs
Oil reserves

Characteristics: economic, political, military, cultural, demographic, resources.

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2
Q

Population

A

• linked to size of economy.
• Reflects level of human resource (potential workforce, which is needed by poorer countries to grow.
Not quite as useful as others.

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3
Q

GNP

A

• reflects wealth.
• which allows a country to exert global influence.
• e.g. militarily,
• e.g. invest in technology.

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4
Q

TNCs

A

• Reflects global influence.
• Helps cultural globalisation through brands.
• Shows ability to invest abroad and influence governments.
Generates huge source of profits to reinvest at home

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5
Q

Oil reserves

A

• Reflects energy independence
But: wealth may mean supplies can be ensured in other ways by importing or investing in alternatives

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6
Q

Kenya 1

A
  • Omani Arab colony – slave trade, plantations.
  • British Rule over East African Coast – Hard Power / Direct Rule.
  • Merged with East Africa Protectorate in 1895 – became Kenya, after ‘Scramble for Africa’.
  • Recipient of mass-Indian cross-Empire migration.
    Different tribes – Luo, Kikuyu – recent fanned the waves of ‘Majimboism’ (different areas for specific ethnic groups
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7
Q

Kenya 2

A
  • 1952-1960 – Mau Mau Uprising against colonial rule. War crimes and massacres.
  • Independent in 1964, then led by KANU party until 2002. Allied to ‘West’, rather than communism. Pan-African socialism.
  • 2011- Intervention in Somalia, Al-Shabab attacks.
    Recipient of Chinese investment – Mobasa-Nairobi railway
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8
Q

Kenya timeline

A

One note

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9
Q

Define superpower

A

Superpower: Can conduct a global strategy including the possibility of destroying the world. Command vast economic potential and influence.

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10
Q

What do you need to become a superpower?

A

• Strong economy, high GDP / trade / influence / TNCs / hard reserve currency. Can spent on military and technology.
• Political control, e.g. UN / IGOS / WTO.
• Military – invest, research,, global reach control, unparalleled intelligence networks.
• Rich, popular and appealing cultural history.
• Resources: to secure control, e.g. energy / intellectual

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11
Q

How did Britain do it?

A

• 25% of the world’s land area –highest ever.
• TNCs extracting resources back for the Industrial Revolution (e.g. Coffee from Kenya).
• Huge naval power (gunboat diplomacy).
• ‘Red Line’ Telegraph Network / Railway Networks / Steamships.
• English language / sports / religion

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12
Q

Heartland theory

A

Geographical theory by British geographer halford mackinder, in 1904. Says whoever controls Central Asia and its resources will be able to control the world. Countries have and would need to compete for control of the heart,and through geostrategic positioning, this could be through direct military control or influence.

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13
Q

USA policy to stop spread of communism

A

• Multi-faceted approach:
• Military intervention in civil conflicts on edge of USSR control (e.g. Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan - proxy wars).
• Development aid (e.g. Marshall Plan) to countries that were leaning towards communism.
• Model states (Japan & Philippines) used as examples for other Asian nations.
Theory - ‘modernisation’ countries are less likely to adopt communism.

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14
Q

South Korea

A

Former Japanese colony until 1945, (Japan surrendered to US/USSR forces).
Sangnam Rhee – Anti-communist President, supported by USA – Jeju massacre of communists – 100,000 dead.
1950-53: Korean War - Conflict with communist North Korea (supported by China/USSR). Supported by USA, UK & UN.
1961-1979 – Dictatorship under Park Chung-Hee. Export based industrialisation policy with support from WB & IMF.
1988: New constitution – independent judiciary & return to ‘full’ democracy.
1996 – joined the OECD.

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15
Q

Modernisation theory

A

• Rostow – All countries can pass through 5 stages of development.
US investment in ‘developing’ and ‘periphery’ countries, would stimulation industrial change and growth, and could repay loans

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16
Q

Geostrategic location

A

• 1904 – Halford Mackinder’s Heartland Theory
Counties that command ‘Heartland’ (Eurasia) huge portion of physical and human resources & essentially the world.

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17
Q

Cold War containment

A

• Post WW2 bipolar world – US (cap.) vs USSR (com.)
• 1950s – Containment of spread of Communism via Soviet Russia / China (through Vietnam) and Cuba.
• Military intervention in civil wars (Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan).
• Rebuilding Europe after WW2 – Marshall Plan (1948) $13billion.
• Funding for capitalist regimes – irrespective of human rights.
• Economic modernisation = rejection of communism.
Model countries – Japan & Philippines demonstrate US success

18
Q

Multifaceted power

A

• More than just military/hard power to control/influence.
• Proxy wars – Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan.
• Joint military interventions – Iraq, Syria.
• Politically – containment / Marshall Plan / Commonwealth ODA
• Economically – World Bank, IMF provide funding.
Culturally – sports / music / TNCs from superpower dominate landscape

19
Q

SK post WW2

A

• Post-Japanese Colony (1945)
• Divided up by USSR and USA with different sectors.
• North - pro-communist
South - anti-communist

20
Q

SK first republic

A

• Syngman Rhee – First president of South Korea.
• Pro-American (US educated).
Anti-communist – violently quelled uprisings on Jeju Island & Bodo League Massacres – 100,000 dead.

21
Q

Korean War 1950 - 53

A

• Communist North invaded South Korea.
• 16 countries under UN command intervened & pushed back N. Koreans.
• Communist China entered war on side of N. Korea.
• Stalemate along 38th Parallel – DMZ today.
Syngnam Rhee exiled to Hawaii

22
Q

SK authoritarian rule

A

• Military & Authoritarian governments for much of late 20th Century - Park Chung-Hee (1962-1979).
• 5 Year Economic Plans
• 1st - Focus on export oriented manufacturing.
• 2nd - Heavy industry & necessary road infrastructure.
5th (1980s)– Electronics rather than heavy industry

23
Q

Modern South Korea

A

• New constitution – full democracy in 1988.
• Joins OECD in 1996 – Developed country!
• 1997 – Financial crisis after chaebols (large conglomerates) defaulted on loans.
• IMF bailout.
28,500 US troops based along DMZ

24
Q

SK modernisation theory

A

Post-Japanese Colony
• Divided up by USSR and USA
with different sectors
• North pro-communist
• South – anti-communist
• Trust fell between them
pretty soon

25
Q

SK military action

A

Both stationed troops
• North invaded south in 1950
• US tried to build trust by withdrawing, but had to redeploy

26
Q

Investment and political leadership

A

• Syngman Rhee – opposed communism
• Brutal Police Force led to huge unpopularity
• Investment into nationwide expressways and Seoul subways
• Generous US financing
• Rural area massive decline (mechanisation) and huge urban growth

27
Q

Post 97 leadership

A

• IMF bailout and structural adjustment programmes to remove cronyism
• S Korean business take off
• Pop music – Psy / Korean Pop

28
Q

Soft power

A

• Theory by Joseph Nye (1990s).
• The alternative to hard power, although may be used alongside it.
• Influence others to get what you want – co-opt rather than coerce – seduction rather than force or payment.
• 3 spheres for governments - culture, political values and policies.
Slow and may involve things outside of your direct control

29
Q

Cultural hegemony

A

• Invented by Antonio Gramsci (Marxist theorist).
• Worldview of ruling class/power becomes the accepted view.
• ‘Common sense’ no direct force needed.
How can it be promoted?
• Education – promotes ideology.
• Religion – reinforces political ideology.
• Music/TV/Film – reinforce values.
News media – provides the evidence

30
Q

Cool Britannia

A

• Diplomatic relations and missions – the Commonwealth of Nations.
• Westminster system – democracy & government.
• Science, technology & engineering – past and present achievements.
• BBC and media
• Education – iGCSEs/IBs, top ranking universities, British Council
• Culture & sports – literature, music, film, Premier League. 3x Olympics.
• English contract law – 4 of the 6 largest law firms and big 4 accounting firms.
London Stock Exchange

31
Q

Superpower America

A

• Large nuclear arsenal.
• World’s largest post-war creditor nation
• First country to land on the moon in the Space Race
• GDP ($53,000) – China’s is only $6,000
• Military spending is 4-5x that of China.
• US provides the most financial aid across the world ($33bn).
• 16/20 top universities are in the USA/
• Confronted the Taliban, followed by the Afghan War.
• Formed the World Bank, IMF, and WTO.
Strong military ties to Japan and South Korea

32
Q

Soft power importance

A

• BRIC experience has been soft-orientated – oil / timber / low-cost labour – and not (mostly) military.
• Chinese culture (food / art) is popular, but not as widespread as European.
• European film/music / media is still globally recognised.
• Indian (Bollywood) is competing with Hollywood.
Indian science and technology is world class

33
Q

Why hard power still has a place?

A

• China’s military expenditure is growing, e.g. blue-water navy / land reclamation - incursion is likely.
• China is heavily investing around the world, e.g. UK Nuclear at Hinkley Point
• America TNCs are joining with China, e.g. Foxconn and Apple.
• China is buying land / resources in other countries and funding projects in other countries.
• China is buying land / resources, e.g. oil / metal ore / food production.
India and China are starting to challenge the USA in Space

34
Q

2 types of power

A

• A country can gain power in 2 ways.
• There are 2 types of power hard and soft.
• Successful use of soft power explains why the UK, while no longer a global superpower continues to exert considerable influence around the world

35
Q

Hegemony in use

A

• Dominance of superpower – sheer size and capability of US military force.
• But also cultural hegemony:
• Education – promoting ideology.
• Religion – subtle reinforces political ideology
• Music/TV/Film – themes and storylines reinforce certain values
• News media – controls the message people hear

36
Q

We still use hard power?

A

Yes – e.g. Iraq, Gulf War, Afghan War, Russian Annexation of Crimea
But how much was economic and soft power:
Post-colonial, post WW2: - bankruptcy in Europe required American support
American placed military bases worldwide, so that it could contain the USSR and prevent the spread of
communism.
The USSR did the same – e.g. Eastern Europe / Afghanistan

37
Q

Heartland theory downsides

A
  • modern military tech can hit deep in other territory - size no longer protects
  • physical resources are traded internationally - much less need for them domestically
  • war and conflict are not as common anymore
38
Q

Indirect control

A

Political - dominance in international decision making
Military - threat of large armed forces with global reach
Economic - use of trade deals and blocs
Cultural - films, art, culture

39
Q

Some argue that western continue control ex colonies through

A
  • debt aid relationship
  • poor terms of trade
  • brain drain
40
Q

Types of power set ups

A
  • unipolar - one globally dominant superpower - one hegemony
  • bi polar - two oppositions superpowers - cold war
  • multipolar - many broadly equal powers, with regional influence

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