structure, function and anatomy of the skeleton Flashcards
function the skeletal system
-support the body and protect soft organs
-skull and vertebrae protect brain and spinal cord
-rib cage protects thoracic cavity organs
-allow movement via attached muscles
-store minerals and fats
-calcium and phosphorus
-fat in the internal marrow city
-blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
classification of bones
-compact bones
-spongy bone
compact bones
dense, smooth and homogeneous
spongy bone
small needle like pieces of bones, many open spaces
classification of bone based on shape
-long bones
-irregular bones
-flat bones
-short bones
long bones
-compact bone
-shaft with enlarged ends
-ends have spongy bone
irregular bones
-other bones
-pelvis
-vertebrae
flat bones
-thin with slight curves
-two thin layers of compact bone with spongy bone in between
short bones
-cubed shaped bone
-made up on spongy bone
-found in ankle
bone markings
-sites of attachments for muscles, tendons and ligaments
-passages for nerves and blood vessels
categories of bone markings
-projections or processes- grow out from the bone surface
-all projections begin with ‘T’
-depressions or cavities- indentations
-all projections begin with ‘F’ (except facet’
microscopic structure of compact bone
-runs lengthwise through bone
-carries blood vessels and nerves
-oestoen (haversian system)
bone structure and growth
-ossification is the process of bone formation
-by birth, most cartilage is converted to bone
-bone growth controlled by hormones
-calcium ions, required to form bone, regulated parathyroid hormone
types of bone fracture
-impacted fractures
-open fractures
-comminuted fractures
-compression fractures
-greenstick fractures
-spinal fractures
impacted fractured
one end of fractured bone forcefully driven into the other
open fractures
-broken ends of bone break through the skin, high risk of infection, slow healing
comminuted fractures
-bone breaks many pieces
-more common in elderly with osteoporosis or following trauma
greenstick fractures
-in young, soft bone
-one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends
spiral fractures
-bone is twisted apart
-normally while a person is moving
bone fractures
-treated by reduction and immobilization
-such as the use of casts
-healing time is 6-8 weeks
close (simple) fracture
-a break that does not penetrate the skin
-may be coaxed into position by physician’s hands
open (compound) fracture
-broken bone that penetrates through the skin
-may be secured with pins and wires during surgery
human skull
-cranium bones enclose the brain
-holds eyes in anterior position
-only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
facial bones
-hollows portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
-functions of paranasal sinuses
-amplify sounds made as we speak
hyoid bone
-hyoid bone closely related to mandible and temporal bones
-the only bone that does not articulate with another bone
-serves as a movable base for the tongue
-aids in swallowing and speech
vertebral column- primary curvatures
-primary curvatures
-spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions
-present from birth
-form a C shaped curvature in newborns
vertebral column- secondary curvatures
-spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions
-develop after birth
-forms an S shape curvature in adults
what does the pelvis consist of?
-consists of pelvic girdle + sacrum ) coccyx
what does the pelvis protect?
-reproductive organs
-urinary bladder
-part of the large intestine
what are joints?
-articulations where two or more bones meet
-they hold bones together securely and allow mobility
structural classification
-fibrous joints
-cartilaginous joints
-synovial joints
fibrous joints
-connected by dense connective tissue
-no joint cavity
-skull, teeth
cartilaginous joints
-connected by hyaline cartilage
-no joint cavity
-intervertebral joints
-costal cartilage in ribs
synovial joints
-have a synovial fluid-filled cavity and referencing ligaments
-surrounds articulating bones
-shoulder and elbow joints
